Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these is a potential side effect of albuterol?
Which of these is a potential side effect of albuterol?
- Chest pain (correct)
- Constipation
- Nausea
- Dizziness
What is a contraindication for using adrenergics?
What is a contraindication for using adrenergics?
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypotension
- Migraine
- Ventricular fibrillation (correct)
Which physiological effect does dopamine have?
Which physiological effect does dopamine have?
- Causes constipation
- Decreases blood flow to the kidneys
- Increases heart rate and blood pressure (correct)
- Induces dizziness
Which drug is mentioned as a treatment for congestive heart failure?
Which drug is mentioned as a treatment for congestive heart failure?
Which of the following conditions should be monitored in patients taking albuterol?
Which of the following conditions should be monitored in patients taking albuterol?
What is a potential consequence of overdosing on cholinergic agonists?
What is a potential consequence of overdosing on cholinergic agonists?
Which adrenergic drug acts on both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors for bronchodilation?
Which adrenergic drug acts on both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors for bronchodilation?
Which symptom can occur due to rising quickly from a sitting position while on adrenergics?
Which symptom can occur due to rising quickly from a sitting position while on adrenergics?
Which condition requires caution when administering cholinergic agonists?
Which condition requires caution when administering cholinergic agonists?
How does a large dose of cholinergic agonists affect heart rate?
How does a large dose of cholinergic agonists affect heart rate?
What is the action of clonidine on blood pressure?
What is the action of clonidine on blood pressure?
What effect do cholinergic agonists have on gastrointestinal motility?
What effect do cholinergic agonists have on gastrointestinal motility?
Which statement is true regarding urinary effects of cholinergic agonists?
Which statement is true regarding urinary effects of cholinergic agonists?
What are irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors known for?
What are irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors known for?
Which effect is associated with the ocular application of certain cholinergic agonists?
Which effect is associated with the ocular application of certain cholinergic agonists?
What is the likely effect on patients with bronchial asthma when using cholinergic agonists?
What is the likely effect on patients with bronchial asthma when using cholinergic agonists?
What is the primary characteristic of a delusion of grandeur?
What is the primary characteristic of a delusion of grandeur?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in schizophrenia?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in schizophrenia?
What is the effect of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors?
What is the effect of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with schizophrenia?
At what stage of life do symptoms of schizophrenia typically begin to manifest?
At what stage of life do symptoms of schizophrenia typically begin to manifest?
What is a prevalent cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
What is a prevalent cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
What behavior is often associated with a delusion of persecution?
What behavior is often associated with a delusion of persecution?
What is one of the roles of dopamine in the brain as it relates to psychotic symptoms?
What is one of the roles of dopamine in the brain as it relates to psychotic symptoms?
What are the positive symptoms of extrapyramidal syndrome when dopamine is blocked?
What are the positive symptoms of extrapyramidal syndrome when dopamine is blocked?
What chronic neurologic disorder is characterized by symptoms such as tremors and rigidity?
What chronic neurologic disorder is characterized by symptoms such as tremors and rigidity?
Which neurotransmitter plays a major role in regulating mood and arousal?
Which neurotransmitter plays a major role in regulating mood and arousal?
What condition is characterized by swings of mood between euphoric and dysphoric states?
What condition is characterized by swings of mood between euphoric and dysphoric states?
What is a common negative symptom associated with psychiatric disorders?
What is a common negative symptom associated with psychiatric disorders?
What are common symptoms of major depression?
What are common symptoms of major depression?
Which substance is NOT mentioned as requiring a prescription?
Which substance is NOT mentioned as requiring a prescription?
What term describes a condition involving losing contact with reality?
What term describes a condition involving losing contact with reality?
What is a key characteristic of Dystonia as described?
What is a key characteristic of Dystonia as described?
What should a patient be cautious of when taking anticholinergics with antipsychotics?
What should a patient be cautious of when taking anticholinergics with antipsychotics?
What is a common management instruction for patients on medications like Haloperidol?
What is a common management instruction for patients on medications like Haloperidol?
What is a distinctive feature of long-acting Fluphenazine Decanoate?
What is a distinctive feature of long-acting Fluphenazine Decanoate?
Which adverse effect is associated with Trifluoperazine?
Which adverse effect is associated with Trifluoperazine?
What does EPS stand for in the context of antipsychotic medications?
What does EPS stand for in the context of antipsychotic medications?
What dietary adjustment is recommended for patients experiencing certain side effects of antipsychotic medications?
What dietary adjustment is recommended for patients experiencing certain side effects of antipsychotic medications?
What monitoring is essential for a patient on antipsychotic treatment with potential leukocytosis?
What monitoring is essential for a patient on antipsychotic treatment with potential leukocytosis?
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Study Notes
Adrenergic Drugs
- Dopamine increases heart rate and blood pressure, improves blood flow to the kidneys, and has adverse effects like paresthesia, hypotension, and bronchospasm.
- Dobutamine increases the force and action of heart pumping for treating Congestive Heart Failure.
- Ephedrine is used as a nasal decongestant.
- Isoproterenol acts on beta1 and beta2 receptors for bronchodilation.
- Clonidine and methyldopa act on alpha2 receptors for decreasing blood pressure.
- Adrenergic drugs are contraindicated in ventricular fibrillation and have adverse effects such as arrhythmias.
- Monitor the patient's cardiovascular, respiratory, and blood pressure while administering adrenergic drugs.
- Advise patients to rise slowly from sitting to standing positions to prevent orthostatic hypotension.
Nursing Management for Adrenergics
- Administer in divided doses because of their short half-life.
- Monitor the patient for hypertension and chest pain, as these are common side effects of albuterol which is a beta2 receptor agonist and used to treat bronchospasm.
Cholinergic Agonists
- Cholinergic agonists can increase heart rate in large doses and decrease it in small doses.
- These agonists relax smooth muscles in the GI tract, reduce motility, and peristalsis.
- They decrease gastric and intestinal secretions.
- Cholinergic agonists can cause urinary retention due to bladder detrusor muscle relaxation.
- These agonists can cause dilated pupils (mydriasis) and paralyze ciliary muscles (cycloplegia).
Irreversible Cholinesterase Inhibitors
- These inhibitors bind cholinesterase permanently.
- They are used to treat patients with delirium of grandeur which is a condition in which a person believes they have more power, wealth, or other grand traits than is true.
- They are also used to treat patients with delirium of persecution which is a condition in which a person is convinced that someone is mistreating, conspiring against, or planning to harm them.
Psychotic Symptoms
- Psychosis is a condition involving losing contact with reality.
- Common symptoms include hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, speech abnormalities, and affective problems.
- Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat psychosis by blocking D2 dopamine receptors in the brain.
Common Drugs in Life
- Anti-depressants are used to treat major depression which involves loss of interest in work and home, inability to complete tasks, depressed mood, and loss of energy.
- Drugs for Bipolar Affective Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness) are used to balance mood swings between manic (euphoric) and depressive (dysphoria).
Dopamine
- Regulates cognition, motivation, and emotional responses.
- Involved in thinking, planning, and interpretation.
- Imbalance in dopamine levels in the brain can lead to psychotic symptoms.
Serotonin
- Regulates sleep, wakefulness, mood, and arousal.
Norepinephrine
- Controls arousal, attention, mood, and affect.
- Plays a role in sleep and wakefulness.
Nursing Management for Antipsychotics
- Do not consume alcohol when taking butyrophenone antipsychotics.
- Monitor blood pressure.
- If the patient develops extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), anticholinergics can be administered to treat them.
- Advise patients to change positions slowly.
- Monitor for leukocytosis, which can be a side effect of these drugs.
- Protect the patient from infection.
- Watch out for photosensitivity.
- Haloperidol (Haldol, Innovar, Serenase) is an antipsychotic.
Haloperidol and Fluphenazine
- Haloperidol and Fluphenazine come in long-acting forms.
- These long-acting forms are given once a month.
- Inject these drugs slowly using a 21-gauge needle.
- Administer using the Z-track technique, deep into the muscle.
- Quetiapine (Seroquel) can cause drowsiness and dizziness.
- Advise patients to change positions slowly when taking Quetiapine.
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