Adrenal Glands and Pancreas Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the secretion of mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

  • TSH
  • FSH
  • ACTH (correct)
  • LH

What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?

  • Secreting insulin and glucagon
  • Regulating calcium metabolism
  • Producing mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids (correct)
  • Producing adrenaline and noradrenaline

What type of substances are all the hormones FSH, LH, ACTH?

  • Fatty acids
  • Peptides (correct)
  • Amino acids
  • Steroids

How does the endocrine system primarily influence target cells?

<p>By using chemical messengers, hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

<p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aldosterone in the body?

<p>Regulating sodium and potassium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex?

<p>Regulate metabolism and immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the action of hormones in the endocrine system from that of the nervous system?

<p>Hormones have a longer duration of action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?

<p>Stress signals from the hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the pancreas?

<p>Cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the production of mineralocorticoids?

<p>Zona glomerulosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of glucagon in the body?

<p>Increase in blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood sugar levels?

<p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is responsible for regulating calcium metabolism?

<p>Parathyroid glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucocorticoids?

<p>Regulating metabolism and inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response?

<p>Epinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the secretion of ACTH?

<p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones are mineralocorticoids classified as?

<p>Steroid hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function regulated by adrenal hormones?

<p>Bone density regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sympathetic neurons in the context of adrenal hormone secretion?

<p>They release norepinephrine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>ACTH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of corticosteroids?

<p>They are formed from cholesterol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter primarily activates α1 adrenergic receptors?

<p>Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological effect is associated with β2 adrenergic receptor activation?

<p>Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor is primarily involved in sedative effects and pain modification?

<p>α2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acetylcholine acts on which type of receptors in the parasympathetic system?

<p>Nicotinic and Muscarinic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor subtype increases renin release from the kidney?

<p>β1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of α2 adrenergic receptors in the nervous system?

<p>Inhibit norepinephrine release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic receptor has the highest affinity for epinephrine?

<p>β2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary metabolic function of glucocorticoids in the liver?

<p>To mobilize fatty acids and store triglycerides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of activating α1 adrenergic receptors?

<p>Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do glucocorticoids primarily combat stress in the body?

<p>By increasing blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone(s) are produced by the adrenal medulla?

<p>Norepinephrine and epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla?

<p>Increased activity in preganglionic nerve fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between catecholamines and the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Catecholamines are part of the sympathetic nervous system response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of glucocorticoids?

<p>Enhancing immune system activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the secretion process of catecholamines in the adrenal medulla?

<p>Release of acetylcholine from preganglionic fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Catecholamines are synthesized from which amino acid?

<p>Tyrosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does insulin primarily promote in the body?

<p>Cellular glucose uptake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily stimulates gluconeogenesis?

<p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does glucagon have on blood glucose levels?

<p>Increases blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In response to elevated blood amino acid levels, what is the expected response from the pancreas?

<p>Increased glucagon and decreased insulin secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes does NOT occur as a result of insulin action?

<p>Protein catabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most directly stimulates insulin secretion?

<p>Increased glucose concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of glucagon in the liver?

<p>Stimulate glucose mobilization from glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net effect of insulin's actions on blood nutrient levels?

<p>Decrease in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adrenal Glands Location

Paired glands located near the kidneys.

Adrenal Cortex Function

Produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.

Adrenal Medulla Function

Produces adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Endocrine System Communication

Communicates with cells through chemical messengers (hormones).

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Hormone Receptor Specificity

Only cells with the specific receptor for a hormone are affected by it.

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Endocrine System vs Nervous System

Hormones are slower to take effect but have a longer-lasting action than nerve signals.

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

A complex system of hormonal interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.

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Pancreas Function

Produces insulin and glucagon.

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Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

"Fight-or-flight" response hormone.

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Cortisol

Glucocorticoid hormone involved in metabolism and inflammation.

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ACTH

Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex hormone release.

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Adrenal Cortex hormones

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids and Sex steroids.

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Mineralocorticoids (e.g., Aldosterone)

Hormones regulating water and salt balance.

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Glucocorticoids (e.g., Cortisol)

Metabolism and inflammation regulation.

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Sex Steroids (Androgens and Oestrogens)

Regulate sexual and reproductive function.

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ACTH stimulation

Triggered by Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the thalamus.

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Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Hormones, like FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, and GH, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

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Adrenal Medulla Hormones

The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine.

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ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

ACTH stimulates the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex.

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Mineralocorticoids

Hormones that regulate mineral balance, like aldosterone.

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Glucocorticoids

Hormones that affect glucose metabolism, like cortisol and cortisone.

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Adrenal Cortex/Medulla Difference

The adrenal cortex and medulla are different tissues with distinct origins and functions, responding to different stimuli.

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Adrenal Medulla Location

The central core of the adrenal gland. It's like the inner sanctum of the adrenal gland.

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Adrenal Medulla Origin

Originates from post-ganglionic sympathetic neural cells. It's where the sympathetic nervous system connects with the adrenal gland.

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Adrenal Medulla Stimulation

Stimulated by increased activity in preganglionic nerve fibers. It's like a trigger that activates the medulla.

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Catecholamines Function

Stimulate the ‘fight-or-flight’ response in the body. They're like the body's emergency response team.

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Adrenal Medulla Secretion

Secretion is an integrated part of the sympathetic nervous system. It is like a direct link to the nervous system's response to stress.

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Catecholamines Synthesis

Synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. It's like building blocks used to make these important hormones.

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Adrenal Medulla Secretion Ratio

Epinephrine is secreted in higher amounts than norepinephrine. Think of epinephrine as the main player in this team.

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N receptor

A type of receptor that binds to neurotransmitters like acetylcholine. It is also sensitive to nicotine, which acts as an agonist.

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M receptor

A type of receptor that binds to neurotransmitters like acetylcholine. It is sensitive to muscarine, which acts as an agonist.

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α receptor

A type of receptor that binds to neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and epinephrine. It has a higher affinity for norepinephrine.

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β receptor

A type of receptor that binds to neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and epinephrine. It has a higher affinity for epinephrine.

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α1 receptor

Sub-type of α receptor responsible for vasoconstriction, contracting radial muscles of the eye, and contracting smooth muscles of the vas deferens.

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α2 receptor

Sub-type of α receptor responsible for inhibiting norepinephrine release, inducing sedation, and mediating pain modification.

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β1 receptor

Sub-type of β receptor responsible for increasing cardiac output and renin release from the kidneys.

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β2 receptor

Sub-type of β receptor responsible for relaxing bronchial smooth muscles and vascular smooth muscles.

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Catabolism

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. Think of it like dismantling a complex machine into its smaller parts.

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Anabolism

The process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy. Imagine using building blocks to construct a complex structure.

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Insulin Function

Insulin lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake into cells, glycogen storage, and protein synthesis. It helps regulate blood sugar levels.

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Glucagon Function

Glucagon raises blood sugar by stimulating glucose production in the liver from glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis. It works like a counterbalance to insulin.

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How does insulin regulate blood sugar?

Insulin promotes glucose uptake into cells, stimulating glycogen storage and protein synthesis, ultimately lowering blood sugar levels.

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How does glucagon regulate blood sugar?

Glucagon promotes the release of glucose from glycogen stores in the liver and stimulates glucose synthesis, ultimately raising blood sugar.

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Insulin Response to Amino Acids

Insulin is stimulated by elevated amino acids because a high-protein meal can lead to a rise in blood sugar.

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Glucagon Response to Amino Acids

Glucagon is also stimulated by elevated amino acids because a high-protein meal can lead to a decrease in blood glucose.

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Study Notes

Adrenal Glands and the Pancreas

  • The adrenal glands are paired, located craniomedially to the corresponding kidney. They lie against the roof of the abdomen in the thoracolumbar region, and are retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum).
  • Adrenal glands have a cortex and a medulla.
  • The adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids.
  • The adrenal medulla produces norepinephrine and epinephrine.
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis describes the process of hormone release by the brain and adrenal.

Learning Outcomes

  • Describe and explain the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
  • Contrast the functions of the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.
  • Explain the synthesis, secretion, and mechanism of action of: -Norepinephrine and epinephrine -Aldosterone -Cortisol and cortisone -Insulin -Glucagon

Important Concepts

  • Systemic regulation of cells occurs in two ways, the endocrine and nervous systems.
  • The endocrine system communicates with cells via hormones.
  • Hormones circulate in the blood and diffuse through interstitial tissues.
  • Only cells with the receptor for a hormone are influenced by it.

Main Organs of the Endocrine System

  • Pituitary gland: Attached to the brain, produces hormones influencing other glands (e.g., FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, and growth hormone)
  • Parathyroid glands: Located near the thyroid gland, regulates calcium metabolism.
  • Thyroid gland: Located over the trachea, regulates metabolism and growth.
  • Adrenal glands: Located near the kidneys, produce hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone
  • Kidney: Produces renin, erythropoietin, etc.
  • Ovary: Produces estrogen and progesterone
  • Testis: Produces estrogen and testosterone
  • Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon, also digestive enzymes

Anatomy of Adrenal Glands

  • The adrenal glands have an outer cortex and an inner medulla.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

  • The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also known as ACTH-RH.
  • CRH acts on the anterior pituitary, stimulating ACTH release.
  • ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce hormones like glucocorticoids (cortisol).
  • High levels of glucocorticoids inhibit further secretion of CRH and ACTH.

Major Hypothalamic Hormones

  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): Causes release of ACTH.
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Stimulates TSH and prolactin secretion.
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH): Causes release of growth hormone.
  • Somatostatin/growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH): Inhibits growth hormone release.
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Causes release of LH and FSH.
  • Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH): Causes release of prolactin.

Hormones Secreted from the Anterior Pituitary Gland

  • Anterior pituitary hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH (somatotropin), and prolactin – all peptides

  • Hormones from the anterior pituitary target various organs (testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, liver, mammary gland).

  • Corticosteroids: Produced by the adrenal cortex (cortisol, cortisone)

Histology of the Adrenals

  • Sectioned view of different zones of the adrenal cortex

Adrenal Cortex & Medulla

  • Adrenal cortex: Controlled by ACTH, primarily secretes corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids), regulating water/salt balance, metabolism, and sexual function.
  • Adrenal medulla: Controlled by nerve impulses, producing catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine), involved in the "fight-or-flight" response.

Mineralocorticoid (Aldosterone)

  • Promotes the reabsorption of Na+ and water and increased blood pressure. Secretion is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS)
  • Involved in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Corticosterone)

  • Regulated by ACTH, have anti-inflammatory and metabolic functions.
  • Impact carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, including gluconeogenesis.

Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine)

  • Synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.
  • Released from the adrenal medulla in response to nerve signals.
  • Involved in the "fight-or-flight" response.
  • Act on various receptors in the body, causing a variety of physiological effects (e.g., increased heart rate, blood pressure).

Pancreas

  • Has both exocrine (digestive juices) and endocrine (hormones) components.
  • Endocrine portion consists of islets of Langerhans.
  • Cells within the islets of Langerhans produce hormones: Insulin, Glucagon, somatostatin and gastrin
  • Insulin: Regulates blood glucose levels, stimulating glucose uptake.
  • Glucagon: Opposite to insulin, increases blood glucose levels.

Physiological Effects of Hormones and Receptors

  • Adrenergic receptors: Bind norepinephrine and epinephrine
  • α1, α2, β1, β2, β3: Different types of adrenergic receptors with varied physiological effects.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the adrenal glands and pancreas, examining their structures, functions, and hormonal roles. Understand the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and differentiate between the adrenal medulla and cortex functions. Prepare to explain the synthesis and action mechanisms of crucial hormones like norepinephrine, epinephrine, insulin, and glucagon.

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