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Questions and Answers
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on plasma glucose levels?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on plasma glucose levels?
- They decrease plasma glucose levels.
- They only increase plasma glucose levels in non-diabetic individuals.
- They have no effect on plasma glucose levels.
- They increase plasma glucose levels, especially for the brain and heart. (correct)
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on ketone body formation in diabetics?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on ketone body formation in diabetics?
- They decrease ketone body formation.
- They have no effect on ketone body formation.
- They only affect ketone body formation in non-diabetic individuals.
- They increase ketone body formation. (correct)
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on ACTH secretion?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on ACTH secretion?
- They have no effect on ACTH secretion.
- They stimulate ACTH secretion.
- They inhibit ACTH secretion. (correct)
- They only affect ACTH secretion in individuals with adrenal insufficiency.
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the nervous system in adrenal insufficiency?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the nervous system in adrenal insufficiency?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on water metabolism in adrenal insufficiency?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on water metabolism in adrenal insufficiency?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the number of circulating eosinophils?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the number of circulating eosinophils?
What is the main fate of cortisone formed in the liver?
What is the main fate of cortisone formed in the liver?
What is the main difference between aldosterone and cortisol in terms of protein binding?
What is the main difference between aldosterone and cortisol in terms of protein binding?
What is the main derivative of aldosterone formed in the liver?
What is the main derivative of aldosterone formed in the liver?
What is the primary adrenal androgen secreted?
What is the primary adrenal androgen secreted?
What percentage of urinary ketosteroids in men come from the adrenal or cortisol metabolism in the liver?
What percentage of urinary ketosteroids in men come from the adrenal or cortisol metabolism in the liver?
What is the primary effect of androgens?
What is the primary effect of androgens?
What is the main function of cholesterol ester hydrolase in steroid biosynthesis?
What is the main function of cholesterol ester hydrolase in steroid biosynthesis?
What is the effect of ACTH binding to adrenocortical cells?
What is the effect of ACTH binding to adrenocortical cells?
What is the primary function of the sterol carrier protein?
What is the primary function of the sterol carrier protein?
What is the effect of estrogen on CBG production?
What is the effect of estrogen on CBG production?
What is the ratio of mineralocorticoid activity of deoxycorticosterone to aldosterone?
What is the ratio of mineralocorticoid activity of deoxycorticosterone to aldosterone?
What is the precursor of all steroids in the adrenal gland?
What is the precursor of all steroids in the adrenal gland?
What is a characteristic of the skin and subcutaneous tissues in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is a characteristic of the skin and subcutaneous tissues in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the primary cause of acne and facial hair increase in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the primary cause of acne and facial hair increase in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the characteristic redistribution of body fat in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the characteristic redistribution of body fat in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What percentage of patients with Cushing syndrome are hypertensive?
What percentage of patients with Cushing syndrome are hypertensive?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the inflammatory response to tissue injury?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the inflammatory response to tissue injury?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on manifestations of allergic disease?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on manifestations of allergic disease?
What is the primary function of the aldosterone-secreting mechanism?
What is the primary function of the aldosterone-secreting mechanism?
What happens to aldosterone secretion when one rises from the supine to the standing position?
What happens to aldosterone secretion when one rises from the supine to the standing position?
What is a factor that affects Na+ excretion, aside from aldosterone secretion?
What is a factor that affects Na+ excretion, aside from aldosterone secretion?
What stimulates adrenocortical secretion and affects primarily the secretion of aldosterone in small doses?
What stimulates adrenocortical secretion and affects primarily the secretion of aldosterone in small doses?
What is increased before any consistent decrease in blood pressure takes place due to dietary sodium restriction?
What is increased before any consistent decrease in blood pressure takes place due to dietary sodium restriction?
What happens to Na+ excretion when one rises from the supine to the standing position?
What happens to Na+ excretion when one rises from the supine to the standing position?
What is the primary consequence of increased plasma glucose levels in vital organs during adrenal insufficiency?
What is the primary consequence of increased plasma glucose levels in vital organs during adrenal insufficiency?
Which of the following is a characteristic of glucocorticoid deficiency in the nervous system?
Which of the following is a characteristic of glucocorticoid deficiency in the nervous system?
What is the consequence of glucocorticoid deficiency in water metabolism?
What is the consequence of glucocorticoid deficiency in water metabolism?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the circulation of blood cells?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on the circulation of blood cells?
What is the consequence of glucose infusion in patients with adrenal insufficiency who have not received glucocorticoids?
What is the consequence of glucose infusion in patients with adrenal insufficiency who have not received glucocorticoids?
What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on the pituitary?
What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on the pituitary?
What is the primary reason for the characteristic 'buffalo hump' appearance in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the primary reason for the characteristic 'buffalo hump' appearance in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids inhibit the inflammatory response to tissue injury?
What is the primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids inhibit the inflammatory response to tissue injury?
What is the primary cause of significant K+ depletion in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the primary cause of significant K+ depletion in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the primary effect of increased glucocorticoid secretion on blood vessels?
What is the primary effect of increased glucocorticoid secretion on blood vessels?
What is the primary reason for the characteristic 'moon-faced' appearance in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the primary reason for the characteristic 'moon-faced' appearance in patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on allergic disease?
What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on allergic disease?
What percentage of androgen activity do adrenal androgens have in comparison to testosterone?
What percentage of androgen activity do adrenal androgens have in comparison to testosterone?
What regulates secretion of adrenal androgens?
What regulates secretion of adrenal androgens?
What is the effect of excess adrenal androgens in adult males?
What is the effect of excess adrenal androgens in adult males?
What is androstenedione converted to in fat and other peripheral tissues?
What is androstenedione converted to in fat and other peripheral tissues?
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on peripheral tissues?
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on peripheral tissues?
What is the definition of stress in biology?
What is the definition of stress in biology?
What is the effect of increased ACTH secretion in response to stress?
What is the effect of increased ACTH secretion in response to stress?
What is the result of prolonged increases in plasma glucocorticoids?
What is the result of prolonged increases in plasma glucocorticoids?
What is the role of circulating glucocorticoids in the body's response to stress?
What is the role of circulating glucocorticoids in the body's response to stress?
What is a characteristic of patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is a characteristic of patients with Cushing syndrome?
What is the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and ACTH secretion?
What is the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and ACTH secretion?
What is the effect of aldosterone on Na+ reabsorption?
What is the effect of aldosterone on Na+ reabsorption?
How does aldosterone stimulate the synthesis of ENaCs?
How does aldosterone stimulate the synthesis of ENaCs?
What is the effect of chronic adrenal insufficiency on ACTH secretion?
What is the effect of chronic adrenal insufficiency on ACTH secretion?
What is the consequence of the exchange of Na+ for K+ and H+ in the renal tubules?
What is the consequence of the exchange of Na+ for K+ and H+ in the renal tubules?
What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone?
What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone?
What is the effect of aldosterone on ECF volume?
What is the effect of aldosterone on ECF volume?
Study Notes
Adrenal Gland Steroid Biosynthesis
- Cholesterol is the precursor of all steroids, synthesized from acetate or taken up from LDL in the circulation
- Cholesterol ester hydrolase catalyzes the formation of free cholesterol in lipid droplets
- Free cholesterol is transported to the mitochondria by a sterol carrier protein
- In the mitochondria, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone
Adrenocortical Hormones
- Deoxycorticosterone is a mineralocorticoid with 3% of the mineralocorticoid activity of aldosterone
- Aldosterone is bound to protein to a slight extent and has a short half-life of about 20 minutes
- Aldosterone is converted to tetrahydroglucuronide derivatives in the liver and kidneys
- Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are bound to transcortin or corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in the circulation
Effects of Glucocorticoids
- Inhibit ACTH secretion, representing a negative feedback response on the pituitary
- Produce personality changes, including irritability, apprehension, and inability to concentrate, in adrenal insufficiency
- Increase plasma glucose levels, providing extra glucose to vital organs like the brain and heart
- Raise plasma lipid levels and increase ketone body formation in diabetics
- Decrease the number of circulating eosinophils and basophils, and increase neutrophils, platelets, and red blood cells
Effects of Mineralocorticoids
- Increase reabsorption of Na+ from the urine, sweat, saliva, and colon contents
- Cause retention of Na+ in the ECF, expanding ECF volume
- Produce a K+ diuresis and increase urine acidity
- Bind to cytoplasmic receptors, altering transcription of mRNAs and increasing epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs)
Resistance to Stress
- Stress activates homeostatic reactions that tend to restore the previous state
- ACTH secretion is essential for survival during severe stress
- Glucocorticoids may maintain vascular reactivity to catecholamines
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Description
Learn about the biosynthesis of steroids in the adrenal gland, including the role of cholesterol and enzymes involved in the process.
