Adrenal Gland Development in Newborns
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Questions and Answers

From which embryonic tissue does the adenohypophysis originate?

  • Endoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Ectoderm (correct)
  • Neuroectoderm

    • What is the origin of the neurohypophysis?

  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Neuroectoderm (correct)
  • Endoderm

    • In which week of embryonic development does Rathke's pouch appear?

  • 3rd week (correct)
  • 4th week
  • 5th week
  • 2nd week

    • What is the function of the adrenal glands?

    <p>Secretion of hormones for stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

    <p>Transmission of nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the gland that produces hormones for glucose regulation?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the overriding endocrine gland?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the anterior part of Rathke's pouch increasing rapidly during development?

    <p>Formation of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What develops from the posterior part of Rathke's pouch?

    <p>Pars intermedia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the infundibulum during development?

    <p>Giving rise to the median eminence and neural stalk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is visible in the adenohypophysis by the 4th month of development?

    <p>Chromophobes and chromophils, as well as connective tissue stroma and well-developed capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the neural hypophysis development by the 4th month?

    <p>Neuroglial cells differentiate into pituicytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are detectable concentrations of GH and ACTH first seen?

    <p>12th week of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What develops from mesothelial cells between the root of the dorsal mesentery and the developing gonad?

    <p>Adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells form the fetal cortex?

    <p>Acidophilic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cells originating from the sympathetic system invading the medial area of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Formation of the adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of the adrenal glands in newborns compared to the size of the kidney?

    <p>1/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the fetal cortex decreases in size after birth?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What growth factors are involved in the proliferation of the thyroid gland during embryonic development?

    <p>EGF and IGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point during development does the thyroid gland reach its final position in front of the trachea?

    <p>7th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the thyroid gland begin to function and produce colloid-containing follicles?

    <p>End of the 3rd month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that connects the thyroid gland to the tongue during its migration?

    <p>Thyroglossal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the thyroglossal duct?

    <p>It disappears during development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what week of development does the thyroid gland develop a follicular structure?

    <p>10th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the parathyroid gland located?

    <p>Near the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Regulating calcium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following endocrine glands develops from the same embryonic tissue as the thyroid gland?

    <p>Parathyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the parathyroid gland and the hypothalamus?

    <p>The parathyroid gland and hypothalamus are not directly connected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the parathyroid gland?

    <p>It is small and oval-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the parathyroid gland's dysfunction?

    <p>Hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following endocrine glands is not directly connected to the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hormones produced by the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Regulating calcium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of the adrenal glands in newborns compared to the size of the kidney?

    <p>1/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the fetal cortex after birth?

    <p>It regresses rapidly through apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the thyroid gland appear during embryonic development?

    <p>In the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that connects the thyroid gland to the tongue during its migration?

    <p>Thyroglossal duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the thyroglossal duct?

    <p>It disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the thyroid gland begin to function and produce colloid-containing follicles?

    <p>At the end of the 3rd month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of EGF and IGF in thyroid gland development?

    <p>They stimulate thyroid gland proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which week of development does the thyroid gland reach its final position in front of the trachea?

    <p>7th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the anterior part of Rathke's pouch increasing rapidly during development?

    <p>forms the anterior lobe of the hypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the cells that form the pars tuberalis?

    <p>anterior part of Rathke's pouch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the posterior part of Rathke's pouch developing during embryonic development?

    <p>forms the pars intermedia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

    <p>infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the infundibulum during development?

    <p>gives rise to the median eminence and the neural stalk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are detectable concentrations of GH and ACTH first seen?

    <p>during the 12th week of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the cells that form the adrenal cortex?

    <p>mesothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells form the fetal cortex?

    <p>acidophilic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cells originating from the sympathetic system invading the medial area of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>forms the adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of the adrenal glands in newborns compared to the size of the kidney?

    <p>smaller than the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System Development

    • 3rd week: Rathke's pouch appears as an evagination of the oral cavity and grows dorsally towards the infundibulum
    • 5th week: Rathke's pouch attaches to the neurohypophysis
    • By the end of the 2nd month, Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the oral cavity and is in close contact with the infundibulum

    Hypophysis Development

    • Cells of Rathke's pouch increase rapidly in number and form:
      • Anterior part of Rathke's pouch forms the anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pars distalis)
      • Small extension of anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) grows along the stalk of the infundibulum and surrounds it → pars tuberalis
      • Posterior part of Rathke's pouch develops into pars intermedia (rudimentary)

    Infundibulum Development

    • The infundibulum gives rise to:
      • Median eminence (part of hypothalamus; occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary gland)
      • Neural stalk (=infundibular stem)
      • Pars nervosa (=posterior lobe of the hypophysis)

    Adenohypophysis Development

    • 4th month of development: Adenohypophysis is clearly visible with chromophobes and chromophils, connective tissue stroma, and well-developed capillaries
    • Chromophobes are inactive, while chromophils are active and produce hormones such as GH and Prolactin

    Neurohypophysis Development

    • 4th month of development: Neurohypophysis is finally formed → neuroglia cells differentiate into pituicytes; presence of nerve fibers (axons) that arise from hypothalamus

    Hormone Production

    • 12th week: Detectable concentrations of GH and ACTH; ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex development
    • 20-24 weeks: Peak of release of GH

    Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands) Development

    • 5th week of development: Mesothelial cells between the root of the dorsal mesentery and the developing gonad begin to proliferate and penetrate the underlying mesenchyme
    • Mesothelial cells differentiate into the large acidophilic cells that form the fetal cortex (primitive cortex)
    • 7th week: Cells originating in the sympathetic system (neural crest cells) invade the medial area of the already formed fetal cortex, where they form cords and clusters → medulla
    • Up to 1st year of life: Intensive fetal cortical atrophy (apart from zona reticularis)

    Thyroid Gland Development

    • 4th week (24th day): Thyroid gland appears as an epithelial (endoderm) proliferation in the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue
    • Proliferation occurs due to EGF and IGF
    • Subsequently, the thyroid descends in the neck
    • During migration, the thyroid is connected to the tongue by a narrow canal, the thyroglossal duct (later disappears)
    • 7th week: Thyroid diverticulum reaches the final position in front of the trachea; at this time the small median isthmus and 2 lateral lobes are visible
    • 10th week: Follicular structure appears
    • End of 3rd month (prenatally): Thyroid gland begins to function; 1st follicles containing colloid become visible

    Adrenal Glands

    • In newborns, the adrenal glands represent 1/3 of the kidney size.
    • Up to 1st year of life, the adrenal glands undergo intensive fetal cortical atrophy, except for the zona reticularis.
    • After birth, the fetal cortex regresses rapidly due to apoptosis, except for its outermost layer.

    Thyroid Gland

    • The thyroid gland appears in the 4th week (24th day) as an epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue.
    • The thyroid gland descends in the neck, connected to the tongue by the thyroglossal duct, which later disappears.
    • In the 7th week, the thyroid gland reaches its final position in front of the trachea, with a visible median isthmus and two lateral lobes.
    • The thyroid gland begins to function at the end of the 3rd month, with the first follicles containing colloid becoming visible.

    Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System

    • The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system is composed of the hypothalamus and the hypophysis.
    • The hypophysis is divided into adenohypophysis (ectodermal) and neurohypophysis (neuroectodermal).
    • Rathke's pouch appears in the 3rd week as an evagination of the oral cavity, growing dorsally towards the infundibulum.
    • By the end of the 2nd month, Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the oral cavity and is in close contact with the infundibulum.

    Pituitary Gland

    • The cells of Rathke's pouch increase rapidly and form the anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pars distalis).
    • A small extension of the anterior lobe grows along the stalk of the infundibulum and surrounds it, forming the pars tuberalis.
    • The posterior part of Rathke's pouch develops into the pars intermedia.
    • The infundibulum gives rise to the median eminence, the neural stalk, and the pars nervosa.
    • In the 4th month, the adenohypophysis is clearly visible, with chromophobes and chromophils, connective tissue stroma, and well-developed capillaries.

    Adrenal Glands (continued)

    • The adrenal cortex develops from mesodermal cells, while the adrenal medulla develops from neuroectodermal cells.
    • In the 5th week, mesothelial cells between the root of the dorsal mesentery and the developing gonad begin to proliferate and penetrate the underlying mesenchyme.
    • These cells differentiate into large acidophilic cells that form the fetal cortex.
    • In the 7th week, cells originating in the sympathetic system (neural crest cells) invade the medial area of the already formed fetal cortex, where they form cords and clusters, eventually forming the medulla.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the development and changes in the adrenal glands of newborns, particularly in the first year of life. It explores the regression of the fetal cortex and the role of zona reticularis.

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