Adrenal Gland Anatomy and Function

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What is the shape of the adrenal gland?

Cylindrical

Triangular

Flattened pyramidal (correct)

Spherical

What percentage of the adrenal gland is made up of the adrenal cortex?

80-90% (correct)

70-80%

90-100%

60-70%

What stimulates the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Impulses from the hypothalamus (correct)

Impulses from the pancreas

Impulses from the pituitary gland

Impulses from the thyroid gland

What is the main function of the adrenal medulla?

Stimulation of the fight or flight response Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of each adrenal gland?

3.5-5 g Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Stimulation of the fight or flight response Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the adrenal gland?

Superior to the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of epinephrine in the total secretion of the adrenal medulla?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

Regulation of electrolyte balance Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the body?

Dilation of airways, decreased rate of digestion, and increased heart rate and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?

Control of water and electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main androgen secreted by the adrenal gland?

DHEA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the zona reticularis in the adrenal gland?

Secretion of androgens Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high levels of glucocorticoids on the immune system?

Depression of immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ACTH in the body?

Stimulation of glucocorticoids production Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Addison's disease?

Autoimmune disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Addison's disease?

IV hydrocortisone sodium and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic facial feature of Cushing's syndrome?

Moon face with round cheeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on protein metabolism?

Increase in protein catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) loop?

Control of blood pressure and volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome?

Pituitary Cushing syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat Cushing syndrome by inhibiting ACTH secretion?

Pasireotide Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Pheochromocytoma Rule of 10’s?

10% occur in children, 10% bilateral, 10% occur outside the adrenal gland, and 10% are malignant Signup and view all the answers

Which MEN syndrome is characterized by hyperplasia and tumors of the parathyroid, pancreas, and pituitary glands?

MEN Type I Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of MEN Type IIb or III syndrome?

Pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and mucocutaneous neuromas Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common finding in MEN Type I syndrome?

Hyperparathyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment of choice for Pheochromocytoma?

Surgical removal Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic laboratory finding in Pheochromocytoma?

Elevated urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and catecholamines Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is characterized by the presence of mucocutaneous neuromas?

MEN Type IIb Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) syndromes?

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily produced in the Paraventricular Nuclei?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in the body?

Control of body water and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of Beta cells?

Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Glucagon in the body?

Increase blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition characterized by abnormal glucose regulation with a modestly increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease?

Pre-diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing Diabetes Mellitus?

A family history of DM Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'let-down' effect of milk ejection during lactation?

Milk letdown reflex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells produce pancreatic polypeptide?

F cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Somatostatin in the body?

Inhibit both glucagon and insulin release Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of fasting glucose levels in the blood?

75-99 mg/dL Signup and view all the answers