40 Questions
What is the shape of the adrenal gland?
Flattened pyramidal
What percentage of the adrenal gland is made up of the adrenal cortex?
80-90%
What stimulates the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Impulses from the hypothalamus
What is the main function of the adrenal medulla?
Stimulation of the fight or flight response
What is the weight of each adrenal gland?
3.5-5 g
What is the main function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Stimulation of the fight or flight response
What is the location of the adrenal gland?
Superior to the kidneys
What is the percentage of epinephrine in the total secretion of the adrenal medulla?
80%
What is the function of the adrenal cortex?
Regulation of electrolyte balance
What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the body?
Dilation of airways, decreased rate of digestion, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the body?
Control of water and electrolytes
What is the main androgen secreted by the adrenal gland?
DHEA
What is the primary function of the zona reticularis in the adrenal gland?
Secretion of androgens
What is the effect of high levels of glucocorticoids on the immune system?
Depression of immune response
What is the primary function of ACTH in the body?
Stimulation of glucocorticoids production
What is the main cause of Addison's disease?
Autoimmune disorders
What is the primary treatment for Addison's disease?
IV hydrocortisone sodium and glucose
What is the characteristic facial feature of Cushing's syndrome?
Moon face with round cheeks
What is the effect of glucocorticoids on protein metabolism?
Increase in protein catabolism
What is the function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) loop?
Control of blood pressure and volume
What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome?
Pituitary Cushing syndrome
Which medication is used to treat Cushing syndrome by inhibiting ACTH secretion?
Pasireotide
What is the characteristic feature of Pheochromocytoma Rule of 10’s?
10% occur in children, 10% bilateral, 10% occur outside the adrenal gland, and 10% are malignant
Which MEN syndrome is characterized by hyperplasia and tumors of the parathyroid, pancreas, and pituitary glands?
MEN Type I
What is the characteristic feature of MEN Type IIb or III syndrome?
Pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and mucocutaneous neuromas
What is the most common finding in MEN Type I syndrome?
Hyperparathyroidism
What is the treatment of choice for Pheochromocytoma?
Surgical removal
What is the characteristic laboratory finding in Pheochromocytoma?
Elevated urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and catecholamines
Which syndrome is characterized by the presence of mucocutaneous neuromas?
MEN Type IIb
What is the inheritance pattern of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) syndromes?
Autosomal dominant
Which of the following hormones is primarily produced in the Paraventricular Nuclei?
Oxytocin
What is the main function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) in the body?
Control of body water and blood pressure
Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of Beta cells?
Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
What is the primary function of Glucagon in the body?
Increase blood glucose levels
What is the term for the condition characterized by abnormal glucose regulation with a modestly increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease?
Pre-diabetes
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing Diabetes Mellitus?
A family history of DM
What is the term for the 'let-down' effect of milk ejection during lactation?
Milk letdown reflex
Which of the following cells produce pancreatic polypeptide?
F cells
What is the primary function of Somatostatin in the body?
Inhibit both glucagon and insulin release
What is the normal range of fasting glucose levels in the blood?
75-99 mg/dL
Test your knowledge of the Adrenal Gland, its structure, and functions, including the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, and their role in the endocrine system. Learn about the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland and how they are regulated by the hypothalamus.
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