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Questions and Answers
Which protein transports cortisol?
Which protein transports cortisol?
Where is cholesterol stored if it is not immediately needed for steroid hormone production?
Where is cholesterol stored if it is not immediately needed for steroid hormone production?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting cholesterol to pregnenolone?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting cholesterol to pregnenolone?
What is the primary mechanism of aldosterone's action in the kidney?
What is the primary mechanism of aldosterone's action in the kidney?
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Which layer of the adrenal cortex primarily secretes aldosterone?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex primarily secretes aldosterone?
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What is the role of cortisol in glucose metabolism?
What is the role of cortisol in glucose metabolism?
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Which hormone increases blood volume and blood pressure by promoting water and sodium retention?
Which hormone increases blood volume and blood pressure by promoting water and sodium retention?
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What happens if aldosterone secretion is blocked?
What happens if aldosterone secretion is blocked?
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What is the primary role of corticosteroids?
What is the primary role of corticosteroids?
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What triggers the release of cortisol in the cortisol stress/trauma response?
What triggers the release of cortisol in the cortisol stress/trauma response?
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What results from increased cortisol levels?
What results from increased cortisol levels?
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Why does ACTH level peak before cortisol level?
Why does ACTH level peak before cortisol level?
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When do ACTH and cortisol levels peak?
When do ACTH and cortisol levels peak?
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How does ACTH regulate cortisol synthesis?
How does ACTH regulate cortisol synthesis?
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How is cortisol synthesis inhibited in the kidneys?
How is cortisol synthesis inhibited in the kidneys?
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Why do patients who eat a lot of liquorice have high blood pressure?
Why do patients who eat a lot of liquorice have high blood pressure?
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What causes Cushing's syndrome?
What causes Cushing's syndrome?
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What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
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What is the composition of the adrenal medulla?
What is the composition of the adrenal medulla?
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Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for androgens synthesis?
Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for androgens synthesis?
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What is the primary function of aldosterone?
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
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Which receptor does cortisol primarily bind to?
Which receptor does cortisol primarily bind to?
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What enzyme converts cortisol to cortisone in renal tubule cells?
What enzyme converts cortisol to cortisone in renal tubule cells?
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Which hormones are synthesized in the adrenal medulla?
Which hormones are synthesized in the adrenal medulla?
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What is the origin of the adrenal medulla?
What is the origin of the adrenal medulla?
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What regulates the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone?
What regulates the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone?
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What are the primary effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the body?
What are the primary effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the body?
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What hormones have similar affinity for mineralocorticoid receptors?
What hormones have similar affinity for mineralocorticoid receptors?
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What is the biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines?
What is the biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines?
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Which hormone does NOT respond to cortisol due to 11β hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase presence in renal tubule cells?
Which hormone does NOT respond to cortisol due to 11β hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase presence in renal tubule cells?
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What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the body?
What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the body?
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Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol?
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol?
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What is the primary role of LDL in the synthesis of steroid hormones?
What is the primary role of LDL in the synthesis of steroid hormones?
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Which adrenal cortex hormone is classified as a mineralocorticoid?
Which adrenal cortex hormone is classified as a mineralocorticoid?
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In which process is de novo synthesis of cholesterol involved?
In which process is de novo synthesis of cholesterol involved?
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Which pathway is responsible for the trafficking of cholesterol during the synthesis of steroid hormones?
Which pathway is responsible for the trafficking of cholesterol during the synthesis of steroid hormones?
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What triggers the release of cortisol in the cortisol stress/trauma response?
What triggers the release of cortisol in the cortisol stress/trauma response?
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What is the molecular mechanism of action of cortisol?
What is the molecular mechanism of action of cortisol?
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What is the primary function of aldosterone?
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
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Which hormone increases blood volume and blood pressure by promoting water and sodium retention?
Which hormone increases blood volume and blood pressure by promoting water and sodium retention?
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Which cells in the adrenal medulla are more endocrine cells than nerve cells?
Which cells in the adrenal medulla are more endocrine cells than nerve cells?
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What is the precursor of epinephrine?
What is the precursor of epinephrine?
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How do epinephrine and NE primarily stimulate glucose production?
How do epinephrine and NE primarily stimulate glucose production?
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What do β-blockers act as?
What do β-blockers act as?
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What is the result of prolonged exposure of cells to catecholamines?
What is the result of prolonged exposure of cells to catecholamines?
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What is the half-life of epinephrine and NE in the circulation?
What is the half-life of epinephrine and NE in the circulation?
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Which enzymes are responsible for metabolizing catecholamines?
Which enzymes are responsible for metabolizing catecholamines?
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What triggers the release of epinephrine and NE from the adrenal medulla?
What triggers the release of epinephrine and NE from the adrenal medulla?
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What is the main function of amphetamines?
What is the main function of amphetamines?
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Study Notes
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Corticosteroids are prescribed to reduce inflammation and have a minor role in increasing vascular tone in the heart.
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Cortisol stress/trauma response: hypothalamus releases CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone) which makes anterior pituitary release ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), adrenal cortex makes cortisol.
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Increased cortisol levels have negative feedback to both hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop CRH and ACTH respectively.
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ACTH level peaks before cortisol level due to its role in triggering cortisol release.
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During sleep, ACTH and cortisol levels are low, but they peak right before waking up.
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ACTH regulates cortisol synthesis by binding to the melanocortin 2 receptor (GPCR) and activating adenyl cyclase, increasing cAMP, which then triggers the release of cholesterol esters from lipid droplets and their conversion into cholesterol.
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Cortisol synthesis is inhibited in the kidneys by converting cortisol into cortisone through 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogense (11BOHSD), preventing cortisol from binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and activating it, which would result in retaining Na, having high blood pressure, and hypertension.
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Pts who eat a lot of liquorice have high blood pressure because licorice inhibits 11BOHSD, preventing cortisol from getting converted into cortisone, allowing cortisol to bind to MR, and retaining Na.
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Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess glucocorticoids, which can be caused by exogenous therapeutic use or tumors of the pituitary or adrenal glands, resulting in symptoms such as red cheeks, receding hairline, striae, moon face, pendulous abdomen, poor muscle development, poor wound healing, hypoglycemia, osteopenia/osteoporosis, proximal myopathy, and hypoadrenalism.
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Adrenal cortex makes cortisol in response to ACTH, which is released from the anterior pituitary in response to CRH from the hypothalamus.
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Adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland and is of neuronal origin, making up 10-20% of the gland.
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Adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, which are stored in granules and are quickly released when needed, unlike steroid hormones, which are secreted by diffusion and not stored.
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Adrenergic receptors are activated by catecholamines, leading to increased glucose production, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, bronchioles dilation, heart rate and contraction increase, and vasoconstriction.
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Catecholamines are released in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation, and their biosynthetic pathway includes tyrosine hydroxylation, which is the limiting step.
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the main catecholamines, with different effects on adrenergic receptors, including increased glucose production, increased heart rate and contractility, and vasoconstriction.
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Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces too much catecholamines, resulting in symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, extreme anxiety, cold perspiration, and hypertension.
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Beta-blockers are antagonists of catecholamines, competing with them for binding to adrenergic receptors and preventing their stimulation, making them useful for treating hypertension.
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Amphetamines are agonists of catecholamines, stimulating the adrenergic receptor and mimicking the effects of epinephrine.
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The adrenal cortex consists of three layers: Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, and Zona reticularis.
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Zona glomerulosa is responsible for aldosterone synthesis, Zona fasciculata for cortisol synthesis, and Zona reticularis for androgens synthesis.
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Cortisol and aldosterone are steroid hormones with different functions.
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Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that increases plasma glucose levels and has various effects on the body, including on the liver, bone, adipose tissue, skin, and immune system.
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Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that regulates salt balance and exerts its effects on the kidney.
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Cortisol and aldosterone have different mechanisms of action: cortisol binds to glucocorticoid receptors, while aldosterone binds to mineralocorticoid receptors.
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Cortisol and aldosterone have similar affinity for mineralocorticoid receptors, but renal tubule cells do not respond to cortisol due to the presence of 11β hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase, which converts cortisol to cortisone.
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Cortisol and aldosterone synthesis is tightly regulated through different mechanisms, including the CRH-ACTH/hypothalamic-anterior pituitary axis and the renin-angiotensin system.
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Catecholamines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, are synthesized in the adrenal medulla and are involved in the response to stress.
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine have different effects on the body and act through different receptors.
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Agonists and antagonists of epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors are used in various therapies.
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The adrenal medulla represents 10-20% of the adrenal gland and is of neuronal origin.
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The biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines takes place in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the role of cholesterol in the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex. Learn about the transportation of cholesterol, its conversion to pregnenolone, and the production of steroids in mitochondria and cytoplasm.
