Questions and Answers
What is the primary conflict faced by adolescents in Erikson's theory?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
What term does Erikson use to describe the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy?
Psychosocial Moratorium
What is the result of failing to synthesize past experiences with future expectations in Erikson's theory?
Role Confusion
What is the term used to describe the adoption of an extreme position, such as delinquency or drug abuse, in Erikson's theory?
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Who operationalized Erikson's theory and identified four identity statuses?
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What is the term used to describe the identity status of adolescents who have not yet experienced an identity crisis or have failed to resolve it?
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What is the term used to describe the identity status of adolescents who have made commitments but they come from authority figures, not self-search?
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What is the outcome of the conflict at each stage of Erikson's theory that promotes far greater personal adjustment?
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What is the result of successfully resolving the identity crisis in Erikson's theory?
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What is the primary goal of adolescents during the identity crisis, according to Erikson's theory?
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What is the stage of identity development characterized by exploration but no commitment?
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What is the primary focus of Ginzberg's stage theory?
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At what age do children typically start stating vocational preferences?
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What is the stage of Ginzberg's theory where an individual tests their vocational choice against their personal values and interests?
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What is the term for the process of compromise between individual values and vocational task demands in Ginzberg's theory?
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What is the term for an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group?
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Who emphasized the importance of reducing dependency on parents during adolescence?
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What is the model that explains how adolescents from ethnic minority groups process their identity formation?
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What is the main idea proposed by Erik Erikson regarding adolescence?
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What is the stage of Ginzberg's theory where an individual begins to train for a particular vocation or actually enters that vocation?
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How many stages of personality development did Erik Erikson propose?
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What is the term for the ability to interpret ethnic and cultural information and reflect on the past and speculate about the future?
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What is the focus of each stage of personality development according to Erik Erikson?
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What is the term for achieving some cultural identity and competence within each of two cultures and altering behavior according to the social context?
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What is involved in each stage of personality development according to Erik Erikson?
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When does identity formation extend to according to Erik Erikson?
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What is the result of adolescents not reducing their dependency on parents according to Sigmund Freud?
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Who is considered the most influential theorist when it comes to adolescent development?
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What is the main theme of the two prominent theorists in the context of adolescent development?
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What is the significance of the adolescent years according to Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson?
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What is a common way for adolescents to resolve cultural differences?
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What is an indicator of a positive ethnic identity?
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What is an important aspect of establishing a secure sense of ethnic identity?
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What is a characteristic of first-generation immigrants?
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What is a factor that influences the degree of identity change?
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What is a characteristic of second-generation immigrants?
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What is an indicator of bicultural identity?
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What is a benefit of achieving bicultural identity and competence?
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What is a factor that influences ethnic identity?
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What is a characteristic of individuals with a bicultural identity?
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Study Notes
The Quest for Identity - Identity Formation and Personality Development
- Two prominent theorists, Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson, emphasized the importance of developing a clear and independent sense of self during adolescence.
- Freud believed that adolescents must reduce their dependency on their parents and begin to function autonomously, predicting that this change would not occur smoothly and would result in parent-child conflicts.
- Erikson proposed that the search for identity is an integral part of adolescence, extending from birth to old age, and involving eight stages of personality development, each focused on a particular interpersonal relationship and involving a crisis or conflict.
- In adolescence, the conflict is between the formation of an identity vs. role confusion, triggered by the sudden biological changes of puberty, the awakening of sexual desires, and the formation of new values and beliefs.
- Erikson believed that adolescents engage in role experimentation to establish their own unique sense of self and identity, leading to a psychosocial moratorium, a gap between childhood security and adult autonomy.
The Four Statuses of Identity (James Marcia)
- James Marcia analyzed Erikson's theory and interviewed adolescents about their values and career choices, identifying four identity statuses or ways of resolving the identity crisis:
- Identity Diffusion (no commitment and exploration)
- Identity Foreclosure (commitment, but no exploration)
- Identity Moratorium (exploration, but no commitment)
- Identity Achievement (both commitment and exploration)
Occupational Identity - Ginzberg's Stage Theory
- An important element of the adolescent's self-concept is their occupational identity, defined in part by some vocation.
- Ginzberg's developmental theory presents four psychological periods of development in vocation:
- The Fantasy Period (pre-school to elementary, early childhood to age 11 or 12)
- The Tentative Period (elementary to high school, later childhood and early adolescence)
- The Realistic Period (before graduation to 1st year college, adolescence, exploration and crystallization stage)
- The Specification Period (late adolescence to early twenties, commitment to a particular vocation)
A Note on Ethnic Identity
- Ethnic identity is defined as an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to the membership.
- Adolescents from ethnic minority groups process their identity formation by choosing between two or more sources of information, namely their own ethnic group and the mainstream or dominant culture (Alternation Model).
- Individuals who achieve bicultural identity and competence tend to be more tolerant of differences and better able to maintain relations with individuals across cultures.
- Positive ethnic identity is related to positive outcomes for ethnic adolescents, and exploration is an important aspect of establishing a secure sense of one's ethnic identity.
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