Adolescent Development and Health Education

Cultural Diversity

• Cultural diversity encompasses culture, ethnicity, and race.
• Culture is a shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations, providing a social framework for daily life.
• Culture shapes roles and interactions within families and communities.

Cultural Diversity-Culture

• Culture is shared and defines the identity of a cultural group.
• Culture is learned through life experiences (formal and informal).
• Language is the primary means of cultural transmission.
• Cultural practices and beliefs evolve over time.
• Differences exist both within and between cultures.

Cultural Diversity-Culture

• A dominant group holds the most influence over societal values, though not always numerically largest.
• A minority group is typically distinguished by physical or cultural traits (e.g., race, religion, occupation).

Cultural Diversity-Culture

• Cultural assimilation or acculturation occurs when a minority group adopts characteristics of the dominant culture.
• Immigration often leads to cultural assimilation.
• Mutual cultural assimilation also occurs, with shared characteristics being exchanged.

Cultural Diversity-Culture (cont'd)

• Culture shock is a feeling of disorientation experienced when placed in a different, unfamiliar culture.
• Culture shock may result in feelings of foolishness, fear, incompetence, inadequacy, or humiliation.
• The feelings associated with culture shock can cause frustration, anxiety, and a loss of self-esteem.
• There's a gradual adjustment period, often characterized by a honeymoon period followed by an adjustment period, and finally adaptation.

Cultural Diversity-Ethnicity

• People within the same ethnic group generally share unique cultural and social beliefs and behavior patterns (including language, religion, folklore, music, politics, food, and employment).
• Ethnicity is characterized by cultural and social identity, encompassing elements like culture, language, religion, traditions, and customs.
• A 2018 US population data shows that ethnically diverse groups constitute a significant portion of the population.

Cultural Diversity-Race

• Although frequently used interchangeably, the terms ethnicity and race are not the same.
• Race is typically categorized by physical traits like skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, and hair texture.
• Ethnicity is based on cultural and social identity, referencing elements like culture, language, religion, traditions, and customs.

Race vs. Ethnicity

• Race is distinguished by specific physical traits that members of each group have.
• Ethnicity encompasses different nationalities and cultural traditions.
• Members of the same race can have varied backgrounds.
• Ethnic groups share cultural history and language.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare

• Turkey's diverse population includes multiple cultures and ethnic groups.
• Nurses must be sensitive to the cultural needs of diverse patient populations.
• What's logical to a patient may not be to a nurse.
• Cultural differences must be respected and accounted for.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare - Physiological Variations

• Certain racial and ethnic groups have increased susceptibility to specific diseases and conditions.
• Knowledge of these variations is critical when taking patient health histories.
• The provided table lists examples of common health problems in specific population groups.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare - Reactions to Pain

• Some cultures permit open expression of pain emotions, while others don't.
• Nurses may incorrectly assume that a patient not complaining of pain is not experiencing pain.
• Unvoiced pain may lead to ignored pain reduction needs.
• Patients exhibit nonverbal pain signals like facial expressions, body posture, crying, sounds of distress, withdrawal from activity, mood changes, hand movements, and excessive sweating.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare- Mental Health

• Various ethnic groups possess different norms and acceptable patterns of behavior regarding psychological well-being and reactions to various situations.
• Different cultures view mental health differently (e.g., stigmatization of seeking psychiatric help).
• Cultural misunderstandings or lack of sensitivity can become a problem in mental health care.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare - Gender Roles

• Dominant figures in families can differ across cultures, and who's dominant is crucial in planning care.
• Women can have dominant roles in some cultures, while men have them in others.
• Cultural background and gender roles significantly impact healthcare decisions.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare - Language

• When people move to Turkey, they may not speak Turkish fluently, or older relatives might not.
• Effective communication is necessary when encountering language barriers in healthcare settings.
• Language barriers can lead to misunderstandings, so professional interpreters are essential.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare- Personal Space

• Personal space is the area surrounding a person considered as part of the individual.
• This varies across cultures and ethnic groups.
• Awareness of appropriate personal space preferences is imperative when providing care that involves physical contact within a variety of cultural contexts.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare - Food and Nutrition

• Food preference and preparation methods vary across cultures.
• Patients might have limited dietary choices in healthcare settings.
• Inadequate nutrition can be a risk for hospitalized patients.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare-Family Support

• Extended family structures are common in some cultures.
• Family involvement in healthcare decisions can be vital to caregiving.
• It is important to consider family preferences when developing individualized care plans.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare - Socioeconomic Factors

• Poverty often limits access to adequate healthcare.
• Poverty can lead to overcrowded living environments.
• Poor living conditions can lead to increased instances of illness and poor health habits.

Cultural Influences on Healthcare- Scenarios (Specific examples)

• Understanding how different cultural groups react to situations and the best way a nurse should respond when faced with those scenarios.
• Example: A patient refuses a specific treatment due to religious beliefs. How a nurse should react.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development

• Humans undergo growth and development throughout life.
• Growth involves increased body size and changes in body cell structure and function.
• Development encompasses changes in behaviors, feelings, and intellectual skills due to maturation, experiences, and learning.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development-Heredity

• Heredity involves the transmission of genetic information from parents to children.
• Genetic makeup influences physical traits like skin color, facial features, body structure and predisposition to certain diseases.
• Heredity significantly impacts the pace of physical and mental development.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development - Life Experiences

• Experiences can affect growth and development rates.
• Access to resources like food, shelter, and healthcare can significantly impact a child's growth and development.
• Life experiences can create differences in physical growth rates between children from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development - Health Status

• Wellness is characterized by healthy development, and illness or disability can hinder that process.
• Health status and development are interrelated, with difficulties in one impacting the other.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development-Prenatal, Individual, and Caregiver Factors

• Maternal age
• Congenital or genetic disorders
• Mental illness
• Mental retardation
• Learning disabilities
• Brain damage due to incidents or abuse
• Poor vision and hearing problems
• Inadequate nutrition
• Chemotherapy or radiation
• Lead poisoning
• Poverty
• Substance abuse
• Neglect or abuse

Factors Influencing Growth and Development - Environment and Nutrition

• Environmental and nutritional factors play a role in growth and development, often interrelated.
• Malnutrition during pregnancy could lead to brain cell deficiency in a fetus.
• Substance use during pregnancy is associated with risk for congenital anomalies, low birth weight, prematurity.
• Substance use in adolescents is associated with teenage pregnancy, violence, accidents, and suicide.

Holistic Framework for Nursing

• Holistic nursing care emphasizes the well-being of the whole person (physical, spiritual, psychosocial, moral, and cognitive needs).
• Growth and development are crucial in holistic nursing practice.
• Developmental challenges or delays can impact overall health.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Prenatal Period)

• The prenatal period encompasses three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
• The germinal stage lasts approximately two weeks after conception.
• The embryonic stage lasts from the second to eighth week after conception.
• The fetal stage begins at week eight of intrauterine development and continues up to birth.
• Proper nutrition and health practices during pregnancy are essential for the health of the developing fetus.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Neonatal Period)

• The neonatal period is the first 28 days of life after birth.
• Newborns undergo a significant adjustment to extrauterine life.
• Bonding between parent and child is an important aspect of adaptation.
• Infant's basic activities (e.g., sucking, crying, eliminating) are largely reflex-driven.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Infant Period)

• The developmental stage of infancy lasts from the first month to the first year.
• Infants display rapid growth and developmental changes.
• Vital care aspects include: nutrition, infection control, and sleep promotion.
• Nurses and families can work together to provide optimal care for infants.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Toddler Period)

• Toddlers exhibit language and toileting skill development, heavily influenced by families.
• Toddlers may display fear and anxiety during hospitalizations.
• Accidents are a leading cause of mortality in this age group.

Stages of the Life Cycle (School-Age Period)

• The school age period signifies slow but continuous physical development.
• Participation in school activities plays a part in enlarging their social circles.
• Cognitive growth is accompanied by increased creativity.
• Health education topics are crucial, such as immunization, hygiene, and healthy lifestyle choices.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Preadolescent Period)

• Preadolescence spans from 10 to 12 years of age, marking a period of rapid growth.
• Girls exhibit preadolescence earlier than boys, often experiencing menarche two years post-breast budding.
• Preadolescents require education on their maturing bodies and mental health.
• Violence and substance abuse are emerging health risks for this stage.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Adolescent Period)

• The adolescent stage spans from 13 to 20 years, beginning with puberty.
• This stage features marked physical growth and physiological changes.
• Body image is a significant concern, sometimes leading to eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia, obesity).
• Health education should address hygiene, nutrition, sex education, and substance abuse prevention.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Young Adult Period)

• Young adulthood involves physical stability, and health promotion is key.
• Avoidance of accidents, injuries, and substance abuse is crucial for health.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Middle Adult Period)

• Middle adulthood (40-65) involves bodily changes, and individuals may experience a midlife crisis.
• Self-care is essential, including proper nutrition, exercise, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
• Risks often include vehicle accidents and workplace hazards.

Stages of the Life Cycle (Older Adult Period)

• Older adulthood (65+) involves psychosocial tasks like finding meaning, establishing roles, adjusting to changes, and preparing for death.
• Promoting wellness includes maintaining functional independence and a positive mental attitude through suitable activities.
• Falls are a significant health concern for older adults.