Adolescence and Puberty Changes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of ultrasound scans during pregnancy?

  • To predict the baby's gender
  • To monitor the baby's growth and health (correct)
  • To prepare for childbirth
  • To ensure the baby is born on time

Girls usually start puberty at the same age as boys.

False (B)

What happens to boys' bodies during puberty?

Boys become more muscular, their penis and testes grow bigger, shoulders widen, voice deepens, and hair grows in various areas.

The time from fertilization to birth is known as __________.

<p>gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for triggering puberty changes?

<p>Sex hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of ovaries in girls during puberty?

<p>Ovaries produce female sex hormones and initiate the formation of egg cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Fertilization = Sperm and egg nuclei join to form a zygote Implantation = Fertilized egg attaches to the uterus lining Gestation = Time from fertilization to birth Embryo = A ball of cells formed after fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

During fertilization, the sperm meets the egg in the __________.

<p>oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?

<p>To produce sperm and male sex hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The egg cell is released from the ovaries during menstruation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main methods of seed dispersal?

<p>Wind, animal, water, explosive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is the tube that carries urine and sperm out of the male body.

<p>urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the egg is not fertilised during the menstrual cycle?

<p>The lining of the uterus begins to break down (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contraceptive pills provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal duration of a menstrual period?

<p>Three to seven days</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the menstrual cycle, if pregnancy occurs the egg attaches to the ________ of the uterus.

<p>lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glands in the male reproductive system?

<p>To provide nutrients that help keep sperm alive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what week does the sense of touch begin to develop in the fetus?

<p>9 Weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smoking during pregnancy can lead to premature birth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the placenta?

<p>Nutrient and waste exchange between mother and fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ connects the fetus to the placenta.

<p>umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about germination is true?

<p>It requires warmth, oxygen, and water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insect-pollinated plants do not produce nectar.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two main processes must happen for a new organism to be created?

<p>Fertilization and implantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ releases sperm during ejaculation.

<p>penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions:

<p>Oviduct = Carries egg to uterus Testes = Produces sperm Ovaries = Contains eggs Vagina = Receives sperm during intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the birth process?

<p>Uterine contractions push the baby out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus in a process called fertilization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two methods can transfer pollen?

<p>Wind and insects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ from the anther must transfer to the stigma for pollination to occur.

<p>pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ovary after fertilization?

<p>It develops into a fruit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can influence brain development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adolescence

The period of time between childhood and adulthood, marked by significant physical, emotional, and social changes.

Puberty

The process of physical changes that occur in the body during adolescence, leading to sexual maturity.

Sex Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by the body that trigger changes during puberty.

Fertilization

The union of a sperm cell and an egg cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote.

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Implantation

The attachment of the fertilized egg to the lining of the uterus.

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Gestation

The period of time from fertilization to birth, typically lasting about 40 weeks.

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Sperm Cell Journey

The process of sperm cells travelling through the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tube to reach the egg.

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Embryonic Development (1 Week)

The initial stage of development after fertilization, where the embryo develops into a ball of cells with specialized functions.

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Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive organs, including the testes, sperm ducts, urethra, and penis.

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Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

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Sperm Cells

Tiny cells produced in the testes that carry genetic material from the father.

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Egg Cells

Cells released by the ovaries that carry genetic material from the mother.

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Menstrual Cycle

The monthly cycle in a woman's body where the lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy.

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Ovulation

The release of a mature egg cell from an ovary.

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Condom

A thin latex covering that fits over an erect penis during sexual intercourse, preventing the transfer of semen and STIs.

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Contraceptive Pill

A tablet taken daily by women to prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation.

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Contraception

Methods used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Examples include condoms and the pill.

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Cilia

Tiny hairs lining the oviduct that help move the egg towards the uterus.

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Ejaculation

The release of semen from the penis during sexual intercourse.

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Embryo

A developing organism in the early stages of development, formed after fertilization.

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Sperm duct

Carries sperm from the testes to the penis.

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Oviduct

Carries an egg from the ovary to the uterus.

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Testes

Produce sperm cells.

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Ovaries

Contain egg cells.

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Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

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Germination

The process by which a seed starts to grow and develop into a new plant.

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Fruit

The sweet and fleshy product of a plant containing seeds.

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Ovule

A tiny structure inside a seed that contains the embryo.

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Stigma

A part of the flower that receives the pollen grain.

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Study Notes

Adolescence

  • Adolescence is the transition from childhood to adulthood, marked by emotional and physical changes
  • Emotional changes include mood swings, irritability, and experimentation with risky behaviors like alcohol
  • Puberty, the physical changes, occurs between ages 9-14, with girls typically starting earlier than boys
  • Puberty primarily affects the reproductive system, allowing for future reproduction
  • Sex hormones (chemical messengers) drive puberty
  • Female hormones are produced in the ovaries; male hormones in the testes
  • These hormones trigger changes throughout the body

Puberty Changes

  • Both boys and girls: Hair growth (underarms, pubic), height increase, increased body odor, and emotional changes
  • Girls: Breast development, vaginal hair, egg production begins, menstruation starts, widening hips, production of female sex hormones
  • Boys: Increased muscle mass, penis and testicle growth, production of sperm and male sex hormones, shoulder broadening, deepening voice, facial, arm, leg and underarm hair growth

Fetal Development

  • Fertilization: Sperm and egg unite to form a zygote
  • Implantation: Fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall
  • Gestation: The period from fertilization to birth (approximately 9 months/40 weeks)
  • Ultrasound Scans: Used to monitor growth, detect abnormalities, and check position/health
  • Early Development:
    • 1 week: Cell specialization begins
    • 4 weeks: Spine, brain formation, heart begins beating
    • 9 weeks: Movement, touch sensation, eye and ear development
    • 12 weeks: Muscle activity (kicking, swallowing), breathing practice

Support Structures

  • Placenta: Facilitates nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus; acts as a barrier against infection
  • Umbilical Cord: Connects the fetus to the placenta
  • Amniotic Fluid: Cushions and protects the fetus

Factors Affecting Fetal Development

  • Smoking: Leads to premature birth
  • Alcohol: Negatively impacts brain development
  • Drugs: Harm fetal growth and organ formation

Birth Process

  • Uterine contractions expel the baby through the vagina
  • Umbilical cord is cut
  • Placenta (afterbirth) is delivered

Fertilization and Germination

  • Pollination: Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
  • Methods of Pollination: Wind or insects
  • Insect vs. Wind Pollination: Insect-pollinated flowers are usually brightly colored, scented, and have nectar; wind-pollinated flowers are typically dull and small
  • Fertilization: Union of pollen (male gamete) and ovum (female gamete)
  • Germination: Seed growth requiring water, oxygen, and warmth

Parts of a Plant (for Reproduction)

  • Anther: Produces pollen
  • Stigma: Receives pollen
  • Style: Tube connecting stigma to ovary
  • Ovule: Female reproductive cell; becomes seed after fertilization
  • Ovary: Surrounds ovules and develops into fruit after fertilization
  • Pollination brings pollen from anther to stigma initiating the fertilization process.
  • Fertilization occurs when the pollen unites with the ovule
  • Seeds form inside the fruit

Fertilization and Implantation

  • Fertilisation: Sperm and egg uniting
  • Gametes: Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) needing to combine
  • Cilia: Tiny hairs in the oviducts helping move the egg
  • Ejaculation: Semen release, essential for fertilization
  • Embryo: Fertilized egg dividing into a ball of cells
  • Implantation: Embryo attachment to the uterine wall

Reproductive Systems

  • Male Reproductive System:
    • Testes: Produce sperm and hormones
    • Glands: Provide nutrients for sperm (semen)
    • Sperm ducts: Transport sperm
    • Urethra: Transfers urine and semen
    • Penis: Delivers semen
  • Sex, or a sexual nature, is an expression of desire or arousal, in intimate relationships, involving pleasure

Seed Dispersal

  • Seed dispersal mechanisms include wind, animals, water, and explosive methods
  • Seed dispersal ensures available space for growth and prevents competition for resources

Menstrual Cycle

  • Menstruation: Uterine lining shedding (monthly bleeding) lasting 3-7 days
  • Menstrual Cycle: A 28-day sequence of hormonal changes preparing the uterus for a potential pregnancy.
  • Ovulation: Egg release from the ovary
  • Hormones: Control the menstrual cycle
  • Pregnancy Prevention: Methods like condoms and the pill to avoid pregnancy
  • Condom use: Prevents pregnancy and STIs via a barrier; protects both man and woman
  • Pill use: Precludes pregnancy by suppressing ovulation; however, it provides no protection from STIs

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