34 Questions
What is the significance of using memorized routines in native-like speech?
It contributes to the sense of naturalness and nativeness about a person's speech, and leads to an impression of oral fluency.
Why do language teachers have a particular interest in teaching routines?
Because the use of routines leads to an impression of oral fluency.
What is the heart and soul of native-like language use?
Formulaic language.
What makes language use native-like?
The use of formulaic language.
What is a great part of communicative competence?
Knowing how to use conventionalized expressions.
What is the benefit of acquiring conversational routines?
It can be a shortcut to the development of conversational proficiency.
Who is most likely to benefit from acquiring conversational routines?
Learners.
What is the role of formulaic language in native speakers' speech?
It is a repertoire of thousands of memorized routines that contribute to naturalness and nativeness of speech.
Why is formulaic language important in native-like language use?
It is the heart and soul of native-like language use.
What is turn-taking in everyday talk and how is it organised?
Turn-taking is a system used in everyday talk to distribute conversation on a turn-by-turn basis. Speakers often follow certain norms to ensure this.
What are adjacency pairs and how are they related to turn-taking?
Adjacency pairs (or minimal pairs) are automatic paired utterances consisting of a first and second part produced by different speakers. They are closely related to the turn-taking system.
What are the most widely used types of adjacency pairs?
The most widely used adjacency pairs are thanking-response, request-acceptance, apology-minimisation, and question-answer sequences.
What is formulaic language and what are some examples of it?
Formulaic language refers to similar and sometimes identical expressions used in everyday conversation that are functionally appropriate. Examples include collocations, fixed expressions, lexical metaphors, idioms, and situation-bound utterances.
What types of units can formulaic multi-word chunks contain?
Formulaic multi-word chunks can contain grammatical units (e.g. be going to), fixed semantic units (e.g. as a matter of fact), and pragmatic, situation-bound expressions (e.g. welcome aboard, help yourself).
How are formulaic multi-word chunks stored and recalled?
Formulaic multi-word chunks are stored and recalled as wholes rather than the individual words they are composed of.
What percentage of conversational language is highly routinised into pre-fabricated utterances?
A significant percentage of conversational language is highly routinised into pre-fabricated utterances.
What is the speaker's expectation after producing the first part of an adjacency pair?
After producing the first part of an adjacency pair, the speaker immediately expects their conversational partner to produce the second part of the same pair.
Native speakers' use of thousands of memorized routines contributes to the sense of naturalness and __________ about a person's speech.
nativeness
Formulaic language is the heart and soul of __________ language use.
native-like
Acquiring conversational routines can be a shortcut to the development of conversational __________.
proficiency
Many language teachers have a particular interest in teaching conversational __________.
routines
A great part of communicative competence is a matter of knowing how to use __________ expressions.
conventionalized
The use of routines leads to an impression of oral __________.
fluency
Memorized routines can be a shortcut to the development of conversational __________.
proficiency
The use of formularized expressions can be a shortcut to the development of conversational __________.
proficiency
It is __________ to be beneficial to learners to acquire conversational routines.
most likely
Formulaic multi-word chunks are stored and recalled as ______ rather than the words which they are composed of.
wholes
Similar speech situations like greetings and leave-takings recur and speakers make use of similar and sometimes ______ expressions, which have proved to be functionally appropriate.
identical
[Blank] pairs can be described as automatic sequences consisting of a first part and a second part.
Adjacency
The most widely used ______ pairs indicate thanking-response, request-acceptance, apology-minimisation, and question-answer sequences.
adjacency
Formulaic multi-word chunks may contain grammatical units (be going to), fixed semantic units (as a matter of fact) and ______, situation-bound expressions (welcome aboard, help yourself).
pragmatic
In everyday talk, speakers often resort to certain norms to make sure that the talk is distributed on a turn-by-turn basis. What is closely related with the turn-taking system is automatic paired utterances called ______ pairs.
adjacency
A significant percentage of conversational language is highly ______ into pre-fabricated utterances.
routinised
Having uttered the first part, the speaker immediately expects his/her conversational partner to produce a ______ part of the same pair.
second
Study Notes
Native-like Speech and Formulaic Language
- Memorized routines in native-like speech contribute to the sense of naturalness and fluency about a person's speech.
- Formulaic language is the heart and soul of native-like language use.
- Acquiring conversational routines can be a shortcut to the development of conversational fluency.
Role of Formulaic Language in Native Speakers' Speech
- Formulaic language is important in native-like language use because it is a fundamental part of communicative competence.
- Many language teachers have a particular interest in teaching conversational routines.
- Knowing how to use formulaic expressions is a great part of communicative competence.
Adjacency Pairs and Turn-taking
- Turn-taking in everyday talk is organized through automatic paired utterances called adjacency pairs.
- Adjacency pairs are closely related to the turn-taking system.
- The most widely used types of adjacency pairs indicate thanking-response, request-acceptance, apology-minimisation, and question-answer sequences.
Formulaic Multi-word Chunks
- Formulaic multi-word chunks are stored and recalled as wholes rather than the individual words they are composed of.
- Formulaic multi-word chunks can contain grammatical units (be going to), fixed semantic units (as a matter of fact), and situation-bound expressions (welcome aboard, help yourself).
- A significant percentage of conversational language is highly routinised into pre-fabricated utterances.
Benefits of Acquiring Conversational Routines
- Acquiring conversational routines can be a shortcut to the development of conversational fluency.
- The use of routines leads to an impression of oral fluency.
- It is likely to be beneficial to learners to acquire conversational routines.
Speaker's Expectation
- Having uttered the first part of an adjacency pair, the speaker immediately expects their conversational partner to produce a second part of the same pair.
Test your knowledge on adjacency pairs, a key component of turn-taking in conversation. Learn about the structure and function of these automatic paired utterances with this quiz.
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