ADHD Overview and Subtypes Quiz
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ADHD Overview and Subtypes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the inhibitory mechanisms of the cortex in individuals with ADHD?

  • They promote organization and focus
  • They help inhibit inappropriate behaviors (correct)
  • They enhance hyperactivity
  • They improve memory retention

    • Which behavior is commonly associated with hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD?

  • Following directions carefully
  • Fidgeting and bouncing while seated (correct)
  • Organizing their belongings
  • Listening attentively when spoken to

    • What type of behavior is characterized by impulsivity in individuals with ADHD?

  • Interrupting conversations (correct)
  • Listening quietly during discussions
  • Waiting patiently for a turn
  • Carefully planning activities

    • What is a key function of the frontal lobes in relation to ADHD?

    <p>Controlling impulsive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior indicates inattention in children with ADHD?

    <p>Not appearing to listen when being spoken to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily affected in individuals with ADHD, according to recent models?

    <p>Frontal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is associated with recklessness in individuals with ADHD?

    <p>Darting into the street without looking for cars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge faced by individuals with ADHD when completing tasks?

    <p>Following directions and finishing tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most effective treatment modalities for elementary-school children with ADHD?

    <p>Closely monitored medication treatment or a combination of medication with behavior therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of psychostimulant medications used to treat ADHD?

    <p>Methylphenidate and Amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is NOT part of behavior therapy for treating children with ADHD?

    <p>Ignore the child's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one recommended seating arrangement for children with ADHD?

    <p>Having them sit near the teacher's desk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about behavior therapy for ADHD children is accurate?

    <p>It considers behavior as a function of ADHD rather than poor parenting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is NOT classified as a psychostimulant?

    <p>Strattera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should changes and disruptions be minimized for children with ADHD?

    <p>They handle changes poorly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended training aspect for parents when implementing behavior treatment?

    <p>Train parents to consider ADHD in children's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Excessive calmness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence rate of ADHD in children as mentioned in studies?

    <p>8%-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of ADHD is characterized by children having trouble controlling impulses and activity?

    <p>ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV criteria, symptoms of ADHD must be present before which age?

    <p>7 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a diagnosis of ADHD, how many settings must the symptoms be present in?

    <p>Two or more settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one of the key requirements for ADHD diagnosis?

    <p>There must be significant impairment in social or academic functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADHD occurs more commonly in which gender?

    <p>Boys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common misconception about ADHD?

    <p>ADHD is solely caused by poor parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary component of an ADHD assessment?

    <p>Behavior rating scales completed by parents and teachers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children with ADHD typically fare in academic settings according to follow-up studies?

    <p>Their academic success shows significant impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social issue is particularly common among children diagnosed with ADHD?

    <p>They often have accompanying disruptive behavior disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is noted about adults with ADHD in relation to employment?

    <p>Employment rates are similar but job status is lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does consistent medication have on ADHD patients concerning substance use?

    <p>It decreases the likelihood of substance abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with teen drivers who have ADHD?

    <p>They are two to four times more likely to have accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the follow-up studies of children with ADHD into adulthood?

    <p>They frequently indicate worsening socialization issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the medical literature on ADHD and high-risk behaviors?

    <p>It presents controversial findings regarding the relationship between ADHD and substance abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key strategy to help students with ADHD feel comfortable in seeking assistance?

    <p>Helping them feel comfortable asking for help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended method for giving instructions to students with ADHD?

    <p>Maintain eye contact during verbal instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is crucial for parents in supporting students with ADHD at home?

    <p>Setting up appropriate study spaces with routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chunking is a strategy primarily used to:

    <p>Condense assignments and instructional time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a daily assignment notebook be beneficial for students with ADHD?

    <p>It helps them keep track of their assignments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT recommended when giving directions to students with ADHD?

    <p>Using multiple commands at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should teachers adjust their assistance for students with ADHD over time?

    <p>Gradually reduce assistance while providing ongoing support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective group activity for improving behavior in students with ADHD?

    <p>Creating a Chunked Behavior Modification Plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • ADHD is a chronic disorder that begins in childhood, characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention, impacting academic, emotional, and social functioning.
    • Approximately 8%-10% of children in the US meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, making it one of the most prevalent childhood disorders.
    • Boys are diagnosed with ADHD two to four times more frequently than girls.

    ADHD Subtypes

    • Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: Children with this subtype struggle with controlling impulses and activity, often disrupting tasks despite being able to pay attention.
    • Predominantly Inattentive Type: Individuals with this subtype demonstrate difficulty focusing and staying on task, but have minimal issues with hyperactivity or impulsivity.
    • Combined Type: Children with this subtype exhibit significant characteristics of both hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive ADHD.

    Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD

    • Symptoms impacting functionality must have been present before the age of 7.
    • Symptoms must be present in at least two different settings (e.g., school and home).
    • Significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning must be evident.
    • Symptoms should not be attributed to another severe physical disorder or mental disorder.

    Characteristics of ADHD

    • Inattention: Easily distracted, appears not to listen, struggles following directions, loses focus on tasks, has difficulty organizing and misplaces belongings.
    • Impulsivity: Difficulty waiting for turns, interrupting others, blurting out answers, acting recklessly without considering consequences.
    • Hyperactivity: Difficulty sitting still, fidgeting and bouncing, excessive talking, constant movement.

    Neurological Basis of ADHD

    • Current research suggests several brain areas may be affected by ADHD, including:
      • Frontal lobes: Responsible for attention, focus, decision-making, planning, learning, and remembering.
      • Inhibitory mechanisms of the cortex: Control hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, and emotional outbursts.

    Assessment of ADHD

    • Conducted by qualified professionals: a developmental pediatrician, psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, or SPED diagnostician.
    • Assessment includes:
      • Thorough medical and family history.
      • Physical examination.
      • Interviews with parents, child, and teachers.
      • Behavior rating scales completed by parents and teachers.
      • Observation of the child.
      • Psychological tests to assess IQ and social and emotional adjustments, including specific learning disabilities.

    Prognosis of ADHD

    • Education:
      • Studies show continued academic impairment in adolescence and adulthood.
      • Concerns include: lower achievement scores, course failure, and difficulty completing expected schooling.
    • Employment:
      • While employment rates do not differ significantly from the general population, individuals with ADHD often hold positions with lower "job status."
    • Socialization:
      • A substantial number of children with ADHD experience disruptive behavior disorders (ODD and CD).
      • Studies indicate a higher likelihood of socialization problems in adulthood compared to the general population.
    • Substance Abuse:
      • Research is inconclusive, but suggests individuals with ADHD who consistently take medication may be less likely to engage in drug or alcohol abuse.
    • Driving:
      • Teenagers with ADHD are at a higher risk of motor vehicle accidents and license suspension.
      • Consistent medication use can help mitigate impulsivity and inattention while driving.

    Treatment of ADHD

    • Medication:

      • National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) recommends closely monitored medication treatment or a combination of medication and intensive behavioral interventions for elementary school children.
      • Psychostimulant Medications: Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Metadate, Concerta), Amphetamine (Dexedrine, Vyvanse, Adderall), Atomoxetine (Strattera), Guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv).
      • Antidepressant Medications: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) (imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline) and bupropion (Wellbutrin).

    • Behavioral Treatments:

      • Non-medication approach, conducted by mental health professionals (psychologists or social workers).
      • Focuses on parent and teacher training in child behavior management.
      • Emphasizes managing the child's behavior as a symptom of ADHD rather than "bad behavior."
      • Three Principles:
        • Set specific goals.
        • Provide rewards and consequences.
        • Consistently apply rewards and consequences over a long period.

    Instructional Accommodation for Learners with ADHD

    • Classroom Strategies:

      • Seat students near the teacher's desk but within the regular seating arrangement.
      • Position students up front with their backs to the class to minimize distractions.
      • Surround students with positive role models.
      • Encourage peer tutoring and cooperative learning.
      • Eliminate distracting stimuli (e.g., air conditioners, high traffic areas, heat sources, doors/windows).
      • Avoid transitions, physical relocation, changes in schedule, and disruptions.
      • Create a stimuli-reduced study area accessible to all students.
      • Encourage parents to establish a designated study space at home with set routines and schedules for study, homework review, and organization.

    • Giving Instructions:

      • Maintain eye contact during instruction delivery.
      • Make directions clear and concise.
      • Be consistent with daily instructions.
      • Simplify complex directions.
      • Avoid issuing multiple commands.
      • Ensure comprehension of instructions before starting tasks.
      • Calmly and positively repeat instructions if necessary.
      • Help students feel comfortable seeking assistance.
      • Gradually reduce assistance while recognizing longer-term support needs.
      • Implement a daily assignment notebook, encouraging accurate recording and parental/teacher signature for completion verification.

    • Chunking:

      • Condensing assignments and instructional time with frequent feedback.
      • Helps build on small successes and reinforce learning.
      • Adapt task lists to be shorter and more manageable for students with attention challenges.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), its prevalence, and different subtypes. This quiz covers diagnostic criteria and characteristics of ADHD in children. Understand the impact of ADHD on academic and social functioning.

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