ADHD Overview and Impact

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an early sign of dyslexia?

Consistent word division in writing

Trouble with arithmetic calculations

Difficulty learning letter names and sounds (correct)

Excellent memory for sequences

What is a common difficulty faced by preschoolers with dyslexia?

Composing long essays

Reading complex texts fluently

Confusing letters that look similar (correct)

Understanding complex math problems

How might dyslexia manifest in middle schoolers?

Expressing ideas clearly and logically

Easily learning multiple languages

Extreme difficulty managing homework (correct)

High proficiency in spatial concepts

What is the main approach to treat dyslexia?

Multisensory structured language education (MSLE) Signup and view all the answers

Which professional is NOT typically involved in helping children with dyslexia?

Fitness trainer Signup and view all the answers

One of the symptoms of dyslexia in middle schoolers is:

Repeatedly needing to re-read material Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an early sign of dyslexia in children?

Struggling to name familiar objects Signup and view all the answers

What role does an educational psychologist play in dyslexia treatment?

Conducting evaluations to pinpoint difficulties Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of multisensory teaching methods for children with dyslexia?

Utilization of visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic methods Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of curricular adaptation for students with dyslexia?

To enhance engagement by linking to their learning style Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following early signs might indicate a child could have dyslexia?

Difficulty learning and recalling names of letters Signup and view all the answers

What type of program is generally considered the gold standard for teaching children with dyslexia to read?

Multisensory structured language education (MSLE) Signup and view all the answers

Which level of Autism Spectrum Disorder requires very substantial one-on-one support?

Level 3 Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might be a sign of Autism Spectrum Disorder by 2 years of age?

Failing to notice when others are hurt or upset Signup and view all the answers

Among the following, which characteristic is NOT typically associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Advanced social skills Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors might increase the likelihood of a child developing Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Experiencing complications at birth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an early sign of dyslexia in children?

Strong phonemic awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may continue to manifest in middle schoolers with dyslexia?

Confuses letters with similar shapes, like p and b Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about children with dyslexia?

Their reading problems often improve without intervention. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Multisensory Structured Language Education (MSLE) primarily assist individuals with dyslexia?

It integrates visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning modalities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cerebellar theory of dyslexia primarily concerned with?

Difficulties related to the automaticity of muscle movements Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates a more advanced difficulty in spelling commonly seen in children with dyslexia?

Slow writing speed and laborious effort Signup and view all the answers

How is the prevalence of dyslexia estimated in the general population?

5% to 17% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is effective in treating dyslexia?

Individualized education approaches to address unique challenges Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD is one of the most common conditions diagnosed in children and teenagers, and continues into adulthood.
Untreated ADHD significantly impacts work, school, and social life.
A common misconception is that ADHD only affects children, but it often persists into adulthood.
8.4% of children are diagnosed with ADHD, and 2/3 of those children experience continued symptoms into adulthood.
2.4% of adults are diagnosed with ADHD.
Symptoms include difficulty focusing, paying attention, and remaining still.
The average age of ADHD diagnosis is 7 years old.
Symptoms often first appear between the ages of 3 and 6.
10% of school-aged children are affected.
There's a 42% increase in ADHD diagnoses over the past 10 years.
10-40% of teenagers with ADHD also have anxiety disorders.
Diagnosis involves a clinical interview, review of medical, psychological, and school records, and administration of neuropsychological and psychological tests to assess attention, concentration, and focus.
1 in 20 children have ADHD.
1 million adults have ADHD.
5% of children have ADHD.
2.5% of adults have ADHD.
5.6% of girls and women have ADHD.
12.9% of men and boys have ADHD.

How ADHD Affects the Brain

Prefrontal Cortex: Functions as an intersection for attention, behavior, and emotional responses. Individuals with ADHD often have easily switched or distracted attention.
Limbic System: Regulates emotions. A deficiency of dopamine in the limbic system can cause restlessness, inattention, or emotional volatility in individuals with ADHD.
Basal Ganglia: A neural circuit system that regulates communication within the brain. A "short-circuit" in the ADHD brain can cause inattention or impulsivity.
Reticular Activating System: The major relay system between the brain's pathways. A dopamine deficiency may cause impulsivity and hyperactivity.

Causes of ADHD

There isn't certainty about the causes.
Evidence suggests a genetic component.
Other factors include premature birth, low birth weight, pediatric brain injury, exposure to lead during pregnancy, and maternal drug or alcohol use during pregnancy.

Types of ADHD

Inattentive ADHD: Characterized by difficulty getting started, staying focused, remembering tasks, and completing tasks requiring mental effort. This type is often overlooked as children with inattentive ADHD may seem less disruptive than those with hyperactive ADHD.
Hyperactive/Impulsive ADHD: Characterized by excessive activity, fidgeting, difficulty taking turns and staying seated, and an inability to keep quiet.
Combined ADHD: Combines inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and is the most common type of ADHD.

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Description

Explore the key aspects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including its prevalence in children and adults, symptomatology, and the importance of diagnosis. Understand how ADHD affects various aspects of life, from school performance to social interactions.