ADH

Leukocytes

• Neutrophils are the smallest type of leukocyte.
• Lymphocytes account for approximately 30% of white blood cells.
• Monocytes are the largest type of leukocyte.
• Monocytes are called macrophages when they enter tissue.
• The primary function of neutrophils is to ingest and destroy microorganisms and other small particles through phagocytosis.
• Basophils release histamine and heparin to assist in inflammation.

Blood Clotting

• Prothrombin plays a crucial role in blood clotting.

Red Blood Cell Formation

• Erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.
• The final stage of red blood cell formation is the maturation of reticulocytes, which takes around 1-2 days.

Hormones

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) promotes and maintains the development of adrenal glands.
• The pineal gland produces melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythm and initiates sleepiness.
• Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon, which increases blood sugar by breaking down glycogen in the liver.
• Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism.
• The thymus gland is the primary organ of the lymphatic system and secretes hormones that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells.

Immune System

• Phagocytosis is the process of ingesting and destroying microorganisms or other small particles.
• Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present bits of processed pathogens to cells of the adaptive immune system.
• Leukocytes capable of diapedesis are neutrophils and monocytes.
• Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that does not have visible granules within their cytoplasm.

Endocrine System

• The kidney is the target organ for Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH).
• The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
• The zona reticularis in the adrenal gland produces androgens.
• The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain.
• The anterior pituitary gland releases hormones such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
• TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone.
• Prolactin stimulates milk production in lactating females.
• FSH regulates the development of gametes (sperm and eggs).
• Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure.