Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism by which adenoviruses cause cellular damage in the host?
What is the primary mechanism by which adenoviruses cause cellular damage in the host?
- Disruption of cellular metabolism by competitively inhibiting essential enzymes.
- Integration of viral DNA into the host genome, leading to cellular dysfunction over time.
- Direct lysis of infected epithelial cells during the acute phase of infection. (correct)
- Induction of apoptosis through activation of the host's immune response.
Why are live, non-attenuated adenovirus vaccines primarily used in military populations and not in the general civilian population?
Why are live, non-attenuated adenovirus vaccines primarily used in military populations and not in the general civilian population?
- The vaccines are prohibitively expensive to manufacture and distribute on a large scale for civilian use.
- The risk of vaccine-induced disease outweighs the benefits in the general population, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
- Military populations are at higher risk due to close living conditions and potential exposure to specific adenovirus serotypes. (correct)
- Civilian populations have developed sufficient herd immunity, rendering the vaccine unnecessary for widespread use.
How does the structure of adenovirus contribute to its ability to infect host cells?
How does the structure of adenovirus contribute to its ability to infect host cells?
- The lipid envelope facilitates fusion with the host cell membrane, allowing direct entry of the viral genome.
- The segmented RNA genome allows for rapid replication and adaptation within the host cell.
- The reverse transcriptase enzyme enables integration of the viral genome into the host cell DNA.
- The fiber protrusions on the vertices of the icosahedral capsid mediate attachment to host cell receptors. (correct)
Which aspect of adenovirus pathogenesis primarily accounts for its ability to cause persistent or latent infections?
Which aspect of adenovirus pathogenesis primarily accounts for its ability to cause persistent or latent infections?
Why is Adenovirus-induced pharyngitis in young children often mistaken for streptococcal infection?
Why is Adenovirus-induced pharyngitis in young children often mistaken for streptococcal infection?
In the context of adenovirus infection, what is the significance of hemagglutination inhibition in diagnostic testing?
In the context of adenovirus infection, what is the significance of hemagglutination inhibition in diagnostic testing?
How does the lack of an envelope in adenoviruses affect their environmental stability and transmission?
How does the lack of an envelope in adenoviruses affect their environmental stability and transmission?
What is the underlying mechanism that explains adenovirus-associated intussusception in young children?
What is the underlying mechanism that explains adenovirus-associated intussusception in young children?
What implications does the endemic nature of adenovirus infections have for public health strategies?
What implications does the endemic nature of adenovirus infections have for public health strategies?
How does the double-stranded DNA genome of adenovirus contribute to its pathogenicity and clinical manifestations?
How does the double-stranded DNA genome of adenovirus contribute to its pathogenicity and clinical manifestations?
Flashcards
Adenovirus
Adenovirus
A non-enveloped virus with double-stranded linear DNA and an icosahedral nucleocapsid, known for causing various infections.
Adenovirus URI
Adenovirus URI
Upper respiratory tract infection causing common cold and pharyngitis.
Keratoconjunctivitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Inflammation of both the cornea and conjunctiva often caused by adenovirus.
Intussusception
Intussusception
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Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Hemorrhagic Cystitis
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Adenovirus Fiber
Adenovirus Fiber
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Adenovirus Transmission
Adenovirus Transmission
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Adenovirus Pathogenesis
Adenovirus Pathogenesis
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Adenovirus Diagnosis
Adenovirus Diagnosis
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Adenovirus Prevention
Adenovirus Prevention
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Study Notes
- Adenovirus is a double-stranded, non-enveloped DNA virus.
- First isolated from adenoids in 1953.
Diseases Caused
- Upper respiratory tract infections: common cold and pharyngitis
- Lower respiratory tract infections: viral pneumonia and bronchiolitis
- Keratoconjunctivitis: inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva
- Gastroenteritis
- Intussusception: part of intestine telescopes into another, causing obstruction
- Hemorrhagic cystitis
Properties
- Non-enveloped.
- Double-stranded linear DNA.
- Icosahedral nucleocapsid.
- Has fiber protrusions at 12 vertices for organ attachment.
- Fibers act as hemagglutinin, causing RBC agglutination.
- There are 41 known antigenic types.
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Transmitted via aerosol droplets
- Common fecal-oral transmission, especially in children.
- Transmission through direct inoculation of conjunctiva.
- Can spread in ponds or poorly chlorinated swimming pools.
- Adenovirus infections are endemic worldwide
- Outbreaks are common in close living conditions such as military recruits
- Infects mucosal epithelium of respiratory tract, GI tract, and conjunctiva.
- Causes death of infected epithelial cells.
- Can persist latently in adenoidal and tonsillar tissues.
Clinical Syndromes
- Primarily infects children, less common in adults.
- Acute febrile pharyngitis occurs in children younger than three years old.
- Causes mild, flu-like symptoms lasting 3-5 days.
- Pharyngoconjunctival fever occurs in older children (pink eye and pharyngitis).
- Can cause pertussis-like illness in children and adults.
- Causes cold-like symptoms, laryngitis, croup, and bronchiolitis.
- Causes follicular conjunctivitis (pink eye).
- Swimming pool conjunctivitis is spread from poorly chlorinated swimming pools.
- Can be an occupational hazard for industrial workers exposed.
- Major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis, especially in infants.
- Associated with intussusception in young children.
- Acute hemorrhagic cystitis with dysuria and hematuria in young boys.
- Can cause musculoskeletal disorders, genital and skin infections.
- Immunocompromised patients at risk for pneumonia and hepatitis.
Diagnosis
- Isolation of virus in cell culture.
- Fourfold increase in antibody serology titer.
- Complement fixation.
- Hemagglutination inhibition.
Treatment
- No antivirals available.
- Cidofovir and ribavirin can be used for immunocompromised patients.
Prevention
- Live, non-attenuated vaccines for military members
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