flow and Addiction.

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Questions and Answers

Excessive alcohol consumption helps with thiamine uptake within the gastrointestinal tract.

False

Replenishing folic acid can ease depression during alcohol disorder recovery.

True

H.Osmond believed that LSD induced symptoms like delirium tremens.

True

40 to 45% of the LSD treated alcoholics remained abstinent after a year's observation.

True Signup and view all the answers

A meta-analysis of 6 randomized trials of LSD for alcohol dependence showed consistent treatment effects favoring placebo.

False Signup and view all the answers

DPT is structurally similar to DMT and has clinical effects lasting up to 12 hours.

False Signup and view all the answers

Psilocybin was administered to 10 volunteers with alcohol dependence in 1 supervised session scheduled 2 weeks apart.

False Signup and view all the answers

The study reported a significant decrease in drinking within the first 4 weeks of treatment before participants received psilocybin.

False Signup and view all the answers

The intensity of self-reported effects during the first psilocybin session at week 4 was not correlated with improvement in drinking during weeks 5–8.

False Signup and view all the answers

The participants who received between 1 and 6 DPT sessions showed a significant decrease in abstinence rates at the 6-month follow-up.

False Signup and view all the answers

Folic acid was used as part of the therapy program for participants with alcohol dependence.

False Signup and view all the answers

The gains observed after psilocybin administration were not maintained during the 36 weeks of follow-up.

False Signup and view all the answers

Psilocybin sessions were administered at 4, 6, and 12 weeks post-target quit date in the study mentioned.

False Signup and view all the answers

31% of the study's sessions met criteria for a 'complete' mystical experience.

True Signup and view all the answers

Adderall is a pharmacological name for equal parts amphetamine and methamphetamine.

False Signup and view all the answers

Dextroamphetamine has a low potential for misuse since individuals typically report feeling relaxed after taking the drug.

False Signup and view all the answers

As of 2019, there is an effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine addiction.

False Signup and view all the answers

BDNF and GDNF are neurotrophic factors relevant to addiction and other psychiatric disorders.

True Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is relevant to addiction and other psychiatric disorders?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

How did H.Osmond and A.Hoffer treat 2000 alcoholics?

With LSD Signup and view all the answers

What was the abstinence rate for LSD treated alcoholics after a year's observation?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is DPT and its use in alcoholism treatment?

A psychedelic drug used as an anti-addictive treatment Signup and view all the answers

What did the meta-analysis of 6 randomized trials of LSD for alcohol dependence show?

Consistent treatment effects favoring LSD Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive alcohol consumption directly impact thiamine (Vitamin B1) uptake?

Inhibits thiamine uptake in the gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with alcohol dependence and was targeted in the study mentioned?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What role did folic acid play in the therapy program for participants with alcohol dependence?

none of the choices Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason for the decrease in drinking following psilocybin administration in the study?

Neurotransmitter modulation Signup and view all the answers

In the study, what anti-addictive drug discovery was utilized alongside psilocybin for participants with alcohol dependence?

Motivational Enhancement Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between DPT and DMT mentioned in the text?

Duration of clinical effects Signup and view all the answers

What was a finding of the meta-analysis on LSD treatment for alcohol dependence?

'Complete' abstinence in 40-45% of treated alcoholics Signup and view all the answers

What role do BDNF and GDNF play in addiction and psychiatric disorders?

They promote neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about folic acid and alcohol disorder recovery is true?

Replenishing folic acid can ease depression during alcohol disorder recovery. Signup and view all the answers

What is known about the potential for misuse of dextroamphetamine, a component of Adderall?

Dextroamphetamine has a high potential for misuse in a recreational manner since individuals typically report feeling euphoric, alert, and energetic after taking the drug. Signup and view all the answers

What is known about the use of LSD in the treatment of alcohol dependence?

40 to 45% of the LSD treated alcoholics remained abstinent after a year's observation. Signup and view all the answers

What is known about the use of DPT in the treatment of alcoholism?

DPT is structurally similar to DMT and has clinical effects lasting up to 12 hours. Signup and view all the answers

As of 2019, what is the status of pharmacotherapy for amphetamine addiction?

There is no effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine addiction. Signup and view all the answers

How did H.Osmond and A.Hoffer treat 2000 alcoholics?

Administered LSD under carefully controlled conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between DPT and DMT mentioned in the text?

DPT has a shorter duration of clinical effects Signup and view all the answers

What new anti-addictive drugs have been discovered according to the text?

LSD and DPT Signup and view all the answers

How does replenishing folic acid help ease depression during alcohol disorder recovery?

By providing essential Vitamin B9 that supports mood stabilization Signup and view all the answers

What impact does excessive alcohol consumption have on thiamine (Vitamin B1) uptake?

Decreases thiamine uptake Signup and view all the answers

What was the abstinence rate for LSD-treated alcoholics after a year's observation?

~40-45% Signup and view all the answers

What was the abstinence rate among the 47 participants who received between 1 and 6 DPT sessions and completed a follow-up at 6 months?

92% Signup and view all the answers

In the study, what was the most common intensity of self-reported effects during the first psilocybin session at week 4 strongly correlated with improvement in drinking during weeks 5–8?

High Signup and view all the answers

What drug was administered in a single-group study to 10 volunteers with alcohol dependence along with a manualized therapy program that included Motivational Enhancement Therapy and therapy sessions devoted to preparation for and debriefing from the drug sessions?

Psilocybin Signup and view all the answers

Which component is associated with excessive alcohol consumption in terms of thiamine uptake within the gastrointestinal tract?

Decreased thiamine absorption Signup and view all the answers

What did participants exhibit following psilocybin administration in the study mentioned?

Immediate decrease in drinking Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role played by folic acid in the therapy program for participants with alcohol dependence?

Facilitate depression ease Signup and view all the answers

What did the meta-analysis of 6 randomized trials of LSD for alcohol dependence show?

Consistent treatment effects favoring placebo over LSD Signup and view all the answers

What is DPT, and how was it used in the treatment of alcoholism?

DPT is a psychedelic tryptamine structurally similar to DMT, with clinical effects lasting up to 12 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about folic acid and alcohol disorder recovery is true?

Replenishing folic acid can ease depression during alcohol disorder recovery Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive alcohol consumption directly impact thiamine (Vitamin B1) uptake?

Excessive alcohol consumption inhibits thiamine uptake within the gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

In the study mentioned, what anti-addictive drug discovery was utilized alongside psilocybin for participants with alcohol dependence?

No anti-addictive drug was mentioned in the study Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding regarding the intensity of self-reported effects during the first psilocybin session and improvement in drinking?

The intensity of self-reported effects was not correlated with improvement in drinking during weeks 5-8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter system targeted by psilocybin that is relevant to addiction and psychiatric disorders?

Serotonergic system Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about dextroamphetamine, a component of Adderall, is true?

It has a high potential for recreational misuse due to its stimulant effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the study mentioned in the text is true?

The study found that 31% of sessions met criteria for a 'complete' mystical experience, and 40% of participants experienced at least one psychologically challenging experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which excessive alcohol consumption impacts thiamine (Vitamin B1) uptake?

It inhibits the absorption of thiamine within the gastrointestinal tract. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the potential for addiction to amphetamines is true as of 2019?

There is no effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine addiction. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did ibogaine initially enter North America in the early 1960s?

As a potential anti-addictive substance Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant finding from the meta-analytic review regarding LSD administration and alcohol use reduction?

Significant benefits were seen at short, medium, and longer term follow-ups. Signup and view all the answers

In the studies mentioned, what is a prominent result observed with psilocybin?

Promising anti-addictive effects in treating nicotine dependence Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of administering psilocybin to treatment-resistant tobacco/nicotine-dependent smokers?

80% abstinence rate at the 6-month follow-up based on biological verification. Signup and view all the answers

How do the clinical trials using psilocybin for nicotine and alcohol dependence differ?

Psilocybin was used alongside cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol dependence but not for nicotine dependence. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of opiate dependency, what key distinction can be made between LSD and ibogaine based on the information provided?

LSD has a shorter duration of action compared to ibogaine in treating opiate dependency. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of methadone programs in harm reduction for opiate addiction?

They offer a controlled dose of opiates that don't lead to craving or re-engagement with street use. Signup and view all the answers

In harm reduction programs related to opiate addictions, what is the primary purpose of needle exchange programs?

Preventing the transmission of infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes decriminalized marijuana programs, which are examples of harm reduction, in North America and parts of Europe?

They reduce legal penalties associated with marijuana use. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is fundamental to understanding harm reduction according to the text?

Recognizing drug and alcohol use can range from severe abuse to total abstinence, advocating for safer use. Signup and view all the answers

In harm reduction programs for opiate addiction, what role do methadone maintenance programs play?

Offer a controlled dosage of opiates to prevent craving and re-engagement with street drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What was the key finding of the study involving 70 detoxified heroin-addicted patients receiving Ketamine-based psychotherapy (KPT)?

The higher Ketamine dose produced a significantly greater rate of abstinence and reduced heroin craving. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the study on Ketamine's effects on addiction is NOT true?

Further testing by the same research group has been conducted after the initial study in 2002. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about ibogaine is correct?

The text does not mention ibogaine or its properties. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the role of nutrition in addiction recovery is accurate?

Both A and B are correct. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a potential treatment for addiction or related disorders?

Naltrexone Signup and view all the answers

Which category of vegetables should be consumed frequently according to the macrobiotic diet?

Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, and kale Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the macrobiotic diet should consist of beans, soy-based products, and sea vegetables?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vegetables should be avoided in the macrobiotic diet?

Zucchini Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the macrobiotic diet should consist of soups?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended sea vegetable in the macrobiotic diet?

Kelp Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vegetables should be consumed occasionally in the macrobiotic diet?

Celery Signup and view all the answers

Which type of soup is specifically mentioned as a popular choice in the macrobiotic diet?

Miso soup Signup and view all the answers

According to the macrobiotic diet, which of the following vegetables should be avoided due to its yin properties?

Asparagus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following soy-based products is specifically mentioned as a favorite in the macrobiotic diet?

Tofu Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vegetables is considered a cruciferous vegetable and should be consumed frequently in the macrobiotic diet?

Arugula Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anti-Addictive Effects of Psychedelics

A meta-analytic review of studies between 1966-1970 found that LSD administration resulted in significant benefits in reducing alcohol use in 536 patients at short, medium, and long-term follow-ups.
Promising results have also been observed with psilocybin in reducing nicotine dependence and alcohol dependence.
Clinical trials have shown significant abstinence outcomes, with additional trials underway.

Psilocybin and Nicotine Dependence

A study administered psilocybin to 15 treatment-resistant tobacco/nicotine-dependent smokers, along with cognitive behavioral therapy for smoking cessation.
12 of 15 participants (80%) were abstinent from tobacco use at the 6-month follow-up, and 10 of 15 participants (67%) were abstinent at the 12-month follow-up.
At a long-term follow-up averaging 2.5 years after the target quit date, 9 of 12 participants (75%) were biologically verified as abstinent.

Ibogaine and Addiction

Ibogaine has been found to reduce opiate withdrawal symptoms and alcohol dependency in animal studies.
Historical use of ibogaine as an anti-addictive substance dates back to the early 1960s, with reported success in reducing heroin and cocaine use.

Ketamine and Addiction

A study involving 70 detoxified heroin-addicted patients found that a higher dose of ketamine elicited a more psychedelic-type experience, resulting in a significantly greater rate of abstinence in heroin addicts within the first two years of follow-up.

Macrobiotic Diet and Addiction

A macrobiotic diet aims to bring balance to daily dietary intake, with a focus on whole grains, vegetables, and balancing yin and yang foods.
The diet is believed to help reduce cravings for alcohol and drugs by counteracting the dominance of yin in the diet.

Harm Reduction and Nutrition

Harm reduction programs, such as needle exchange programs and methadone maintenance programs, aim to reduce the harms associated with drug use.
Nutrition plays a critical role in recovery from addiction, with a focus on whole foods, fruits, and vegetables, and reducing sugar and refined carbohydrate intake.

New Anti-Addictive Drugs

LSD, DPT, and psilocybin have been found to have anti-addictive effects in various studies.
Thiamine and folic acid supplementation have been found to be beneficial in reducing symptoms of addiction and depression.

Effective Treatment

A case study highlighted the importance of exercise, consistent review of consequences of addiction, and the use of anti-addictive medications in achieving successful treatment outcomes.
No personal fault attribution and a focus on life history and parental neglect are also important in effective treatment.### Vitamins and Addiction
Excessive alcohol consumption interferes with thiamine (Vitamin B1) uptake in the gastrointestinal tract.
Replenishing folic acid (Vitamin B9) helps ease depression during alcohol disorder recovery.
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) replenishing helps restore the normal formation of neurotransmitters.

LSD Treatment

H.Osmond and A.Hoffer treated 2000 alcoholics with LSD under controlled conditions from 1954 to 1960.
40-45% of LSD-treated alcoholics remained abstinent after a year's observation.
A meta-analysis of 6 randomized trials demonstrated consistent treatment effects favoring LSD.

DPT Treatment

Dipropyltryptamine (DPT) has been used in the treatment of alcoholism.
DPT is a classic psychedelic with clinical effects lasting from 1-6 hours, depending on the dose.

Anti-Addictive Drugs

Campral (Acamprosate) is used to treat alcohol disorder.
Buprenorphine/Naloxone is used to treat opioid addiction.
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) is used to treat smoking and cocaine addiction.
Buspirone (Buspar) is an anti-anxiety drug that boosts the effects of antidepressants.
Disulfiram produces immediate and severe reactions when alcohol is consumed.
Gabapentin is used to treat alcohol and generic substance abuse.
Methadone is used for opioid replacement therapy (ORT) and Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT).
Naloxone is an emergency medication given to reverse opioid overdoses.
Naltrexone blocks the effects of alcohol or opioids.
Propranolol is a beta-blocker used to treat high blood pressure and shows promise as a treatment for performance anxiety and PTSD.

Other Substances

Cocaine: adverse side effects include depression and fatigue during withdrawal and abstinence.
Methamphetamine: increased alertness, talkativeness, and hyperactivity, but adverse effects include irregular heartbeat, agitation, and increased blood pressure.
Opioids (Heroin and Fentanyl): attach to the GABA neurotransmitter, controlling the brain's reward and pleasure pathways.
Alcohol: a disinhibiting depressant and the most widely used addictive substance, with 8.3% qualifying for alcohol use disorder.
Nicotine: a stimulant that elevates dopamine levels and causes burst firing of dopamine neurons, fast-acting and reaches the brain within seconds.

Psilocybin Treatment

A recent pilot study showed that a manualized 15-week program of cognitive-behavior therapy incorporating psilocybin sessions resulted in excellent outcomes for smoking cessation.
80% of participants were biologically confirmed as smoke-free at a 6-month follow-up.

Drug Interactions

Classic psychedelics have effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), both relevant to addiction and other psychiatric disorders.

Effective Treatment

Exercise and other exertional activities are implemented to reverse addictive behavior.
Consistent review of consequences of addiction is important.
Anti-addictive medications are used.
No personal fault attribution is necessary, as addiction is a consequence of life history and parental neglect.

Adderall

Adderall is a pharmacological name for equal parts amphetamine and dextroamphetamine.
Dextroamphetamine has a high potential for misuse in a recreational manner.
As of 2019, there is no effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine addiction.

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