Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the B process represent in the Opponent Process Theory?
What does the B process represent in the Opponent Process Theory?
- The baseline state of the brain
- The brain's initial response to a stimulus
- The recovery from stimulus effects
- The brain's response to the A process (correct)
In the Opponent Process Theory, the A process weakens while the B process strengthens.
In the Opponent Process Theory, the A process weakens while the B process strengthens.
True (A)
Name the two processes involved in the Opponent Process Theory.
Name the two processes involved in the Opponent Process Theory.
A process and B process
Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to an increase in the magnitude and duration of the _____ process.
Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to an increase in the magnitude and duration of the _____ process.
What is a common outcome of addiction according to the Opponent Process Theory?
What is a common outcome of addiction according to the Opponent Process Theory?
Match the stages of addiction with their corresponding brain areas:
Match the stages of addiction with their corresponding brain areas:
The A process for alcohol consumption is anxiety relief.
The A process for alcohol consumption is anxiety relief.
What is the role of the basal ganglia in the binge/intoxication stage of addiction?
What is the role of the basal ganglia in the binge/intoxication stage of addiction?
What is the main consequence of having fewer D2 receptors in the brain?
What is the main consequence of having fewer D2 receptors in the brain?
Dopamine is released in response to drugs rather than cues that predict their availability.
Dopamine is released in response to drugs rather than cues that predict their availability.
What is the primary role of the PFC in addiction?
What is the primary role of the PFC in addiction?
The process of forming associations between a drug and cues that predict its availability is called ___.
The process of forming associations between a drug and cues that predict its availability is called ___.
Match the following pharmacotherapy treatments with their descriptions:
Match the following pharmacotherapy treatments with their descriptions:
Which of the following is an example of an antagonist treatment?
Which of the following is an example of an antagonist treatment?
Antidrug vaccines work by increasing the amount of the drug that reaches the brain.
Antidrug vaccines work by increasing the amount of the drug that reaches the brain.
Flashcards
Incentive Salience
Incentive Salience
The process where cues associated with a drug become highly rewarding, leading to cravings.
Withdrawal/Negative Affect
Withdrawal/Negative Affect
Phase of addiction characterized by negative emotions, physical discomfort and increased stress/brain activity responses.
Preoccupation Anticipation Stage
Preoccupation Anticipation Stage
Phase during addiction with intense focus on obtaining the drug, and the desire associated with it.
Agonist Treatments
Agonist Treatments
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Partial Agonist Treatments
Partial Agonist Treatments
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Antagonist Treatments
Antagonist Treatments
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Antidrug Vaccines
Antidrug Vaccines
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Opponent Process Theory
Opponent Process Theory
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A Process
A Process
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B Process
B Process
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Tolerance (Addiction)
Tolerance (Addiction)
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Withdrawal (Addiction)
Withdrawal (Addiction)
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Basal Ganglia (Addiction)
Basal Ganglia (Addiction)
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Reward Pathway (Addiction)
Reward Pathway (Addiction)
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Brain Disease Model of Addiction
Brain Disease Model of Addiction
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Study Notes
Opponent Process Theory
- Core Concept: Opponent process theory proposes that a response to a stimulus (A process) triggers an opposing response (B process).
- A Process: The brain's initial response to a stimulus.
- B Process: The opposing response to the A process. It increases in magnitude and duration with repeated exposure.
- Adaptation: Repeated exposure weakens the A process and strengthens the B process.
Opponent Process Theory & Addiction
- Tolerance: Develops as the A process adapts (metabolically, pharmacodynamically, behaiviourally).
- Withdrawal: Occurs as the B process becomes stronger, creating opposite effects to the A process.
- Example (Alcohol): The A process (initial effects) is relaxation and anxiety relief, but the B process (long-term/withdrawal effects) is anxiety.
Addiction's Brain Disease Model
-
Stages & Underlying Circuitry:
- Binge/Intoxication: Basal ganglia (striatum) and the reward pathway are involved; drug exposure releases dopamine.
- Withdrawal/Negative Affect: Limbic system (amygdala) and stress system (HPA axis) are active; anti-reward effects and negative mood occur.
- Preoccupation/Anticipation: Prefrontal cortex (PFC), stress system (HPA axis), basal ganglia, and insula are involved. Executive function is impaired, cravings increase.
-
Incentive Salience and Learning:
- Associations form between drugs and cues, strengthening basal ganglia's role in habit formation ("autopilot").
- Cues alone can trigger dopamine release and cravings.
Pharmacotherapy of Addiction
- Agonist Treatments: Replace addictive drug with one having similar effects (e.g., methadone for heroin, nicotine patches for cigarettes).
- Partial Agonist Treatments: Prevent withdrawal and cravings with a drug that partially activates the receptor (e.g., varenicline for nicotine).
- Antagonist Treatments: Block the effects of the addictive drug (e.g., naloxone for heroin).
- Aversive Treatments: Induce negative effects with the drug (e.g., disulfiram for alcohol).
- Antidrug Vaccines: Introduce synthetic molecules to trigger antibodies, decreasing drug absorption.
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Description
Explore the concepts of opponent process theory and its relation to addiction in this quiz. Understand how initial responses to stimuli are met with opposing responses, and how this model explains tolerance and withdrawal, particularly in the context of substances like alcohol.
