25 Questions
Where do B cells originate and mature?
Bone marrow
What is the primary site of maturation for T cells?
Thymus
What is the primary driver of innate immunity?
Phagocytes
What do T cells have as receptors?
T cell receptors
What is the subclass of cytokines that attract circulating immune cells to the site of injury?
Chemokines
What is the ability of a pathogen to enter host cells or tissues, multiply, spread, and cause disease called?
Microbial invasion
Which of the following is true about Toll-like receptors?
Each toll-like receptor on a human phagocyte recognizes and interacts with a specific pathogen-associated molecular pattern
What is the function of NFκB in phagocyte signal transduction?
It is a key transcription factor that is activated in many different pathways
What is the role of phagolysosomes in phagocytosis?
They are formed by the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes to kill engulfed pathogens
What can some pathogens do to survive within phagocytes?
Produce carotenoids to neutralize singlet oxygen and have a waxy cell wall
What is the effect of a systemic inflammation?
It leads to inflammation and disease throughout the body
How does the complement system contribute to the immune response?
It functions to boost the efficiency of both the innate and adaptive immune responses for the destruction of pathogens
Which antibody is the most common circulating in the body?
IgG
What determines the immunogenicity of antigens?
Physical form
How do B cells produce antibodies?
Interact with antigens and T helper cells
What is the function of the Fc stem of IgG?
Binds receptors on phagocytes to facilitate phagocytosis
What is the purpose of memory cells in secondary antibody responses?
Enable quicker response
How are antigens presented to T cells?
Affixed to Major Histocompatibility Complex II proteins
What determines whether a large oral dose of an immunogen induces tolerance or immunity?
Route of exposure
Which cells recognize cells without Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC1) proteins and induce apoptosis through granzyme and perforin release?
Natural killer cells
What is the outcome of continuous exposure to an antigen?
No secondary immune response due to a refractory period for memory cell formation
What is the role of interferons in preventing viral replication?
Stimulating antiviral protein production in infected cells
Which cells are involved in producing antibodies in adaptive immunity?
B cells
What is the purpose of T cell selection in the thymus?
To eliminate most T cells that enter through clonal deletions
What is the function of memory cells in the immune system?
Lead to rapid and strong responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen
Study Notes
Lecture 19 – Adaptive Immunity: Key Concepts
- The alternative pathway of complement activation leads to three outcomes: Complement C3b coating the target, C3a diffusing as a chemoattractant, and C5a binding to the target forming the membrane attack complex.
- Natural killer cells recognize cells without Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC1) proteins, inducing apoptosis through granzyme and perforin release.
- Interferons, produced by virally infected cells, prevent viral replication by stimulating antiviral protein production in uninfected cells.
- Adaptive immunity involves B and T lymphocytes, with B cells producing antibodies and T cells defending against intracellular pathogens.
- Lymphocyte receptors interact with individual antigens, with T cells displaying antigen-specific T cell receptors and B cells displaying membrane-bound immunoglobulins.
- Memory cells are formed upon first antigen exposure, leading to rapid and strong responses upon subsequent exposures.
- The primary immune response involves B and T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation upon first antigen exposure.
- Continuous exposure to an antigen does not result in a secondary immune response, requiring a refractory period for memory cell formation.
- Secondary immune responses, resulting in a stronger and faster reaction, are activated upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen.
- Tolerance is the acquired ability to discriminate between self and foreign antigens, with failure leading to autoimmunity.
- T cell selection involves positive and negative selection in the thymus, with clonal deletions eliminating most T cells that enter.
- B cell selection involves positive selection upon encountering an antigen, leading to proliferation and differentiation, and negative selection in the bone marrow to delete self-reactive B cells.
Test your knowledge of key concepts in adaptive immunity with this quiz. Explore topics such as complement activation, natural killer cell function, interferon production, lymphocyte receptors, memory cell formation, primary and secondary immune responses, tolerance, and B and T cell selection.
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