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Questions and Answers
Adaptive immunity is characterized by which of the following features?
Adaptive immunity is characterized by which of the following features?
- Adaptation to the specific microbe (correct)
- An immediate inflammatory response
- Physical barriers against any infection
- A rapid, non-specific response to pathogens
Adaptive immunity primarily involves the production of general antibodies that target a wide range of pathogens.
Adaptive immunity primarily involves the production of general antibodies that target a wide range of pathogens.
False (B)
What two components are adaptive immunity composed of?
What two components are adaptive immunity composed of?
humoral and cell-mediated immunity
An ______ provokes the production of specific antibodies.
An ______ provokes the production of specific antibodies.
What is the general term for the specific part of an antigen to which an antibody binds?
What is the general term for the specific part of an antigen to which an antibody binds?
Each epitope on an antigen is recognized by multiple different B-cells, each producing a different antibody
Each epitope on an antigen is recognized by multiple different B-cells, each producing a different antibody
Match the following antibody functions with their descriptions:
Match the following antibody functions with their descriptions:
What is the key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
What is the key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Dendritic cells are exclusive to adaptive immunity and are not involved in innate immune responses.
Dendritic cells are exclusive to adaptive immunity and are not involved in innate immune responses.
In antigen presentation, what are the two types of T cells that CD4+ cells can differentiate into, and what is the primary role of each?
In antigen presentation, what are the two types of T cells that CD4+ cells can differentiate into, and what is the primary role of each?
Innate immunity recognizes pathogens through ______ on pathogens, which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR).
Innate immunity recognizes pathogens through ______ on pathogens, which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRR).
What role do cytokines and chemokines play in the link between innate and adaptive immunity?
What role do cytokines and chemokines play in the link between innate and adaptive immunity?
B-cell receptors (BCRs) are found on T-lymphocytes and are responsible for recognizing antigens.
B-cell receptors (BCRs) are found on T-lymphocytes and are responsible for recognizing antigens.
What is the function of DNA and RNA in immunity, and what is translation?
What is the function of DNA and RNA in immunity, and what is translation?
In endogenous antigen presentation, antigens are presented on ______ molecules to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
In endogenous antigen presentation, antigens are presented on ______ molecules to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
Which of the following is an example of cell-mediated adaptive immunity?
Which of the following is an example of cell-mediated adaptive immunity?
TH1 lymphocytes primarily promote humoral responses by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies.
TH1 lymphocytes primarily promote humoral responses by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies.
What cytokines do TH1 lymphocytes produce, and what type of pathogens do they typically respond to?
What cytokines do TH1 lymphocytes produce, and what type of pathogens do they typically respond to?
TH2 lymphocytes stimulate ______ activation and differentiation and promote the function of IgE and eosinophils on the anti-helminth (round worm) immunity.
TH2 lymphocytes stimulate ______ activation and differentiation and promote the function of IgE and eosinophils on the anti-helminth (round worm) immunity.
The TH1/TH2 balance is a key determinant in the outcome of some diseases. Lepromatous leprosy occurs when which of the following conditions exists?
The TH1/TH2 balance is a key determinant in the outcome of some diseases. Lepromatous leprosy occurs when which of the following conditions exists?
Flashcards
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity is specific, adapting to particular microbes.
Antibody Production
Antibody Production
Adaptive immunity produces specific antibodies to fight infections.
Components of Adaptive Immunity
Components of Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity is composed of humoral and cell-mediated responses.
Antigen
Antigen
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Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes)
Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes)
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Function of Antibodies
Function of Antibodies
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CD4+ T Cells
CD4+ T Cells
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CD8+ T Cells
CD8+ T Cells
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TH1 Lymphocytes
TH1 Lymphocytes
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TH2 Lymphocytes
TH2 Lymphocytes
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MHC Class I
MHC Class I
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Study Notes
- Adaptive immunity is adaptation to a specific microbe.
- Adaptive immunity is synonymous with specific immunity.
- Adaptive immunity involves the production of specific antibodies.
- Adaptive immunity consists of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
Antigens, Antigenic Determinants, and Epitopes
- An antigen provokes the production of antibodies against generator of antibodies
- Antigenic determinant is also called epitope.
- The antibody for each epitope is produced by a unique B-cell.
Function of antibodies
- Neutralization
- Lysis
- Opsonization
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity Cells
- Innate immunity includes cells like dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, basophils, complement proteins, eosinophils, and neutrophils, providing a rapid response
- Adaptive immunity, characterized by a slow response, involves B cells, γδ T cells, T cells, natural killer T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, and antibodies
Antigen Presentation
- Immature CD4+ T cells interact with antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via MHCII, leading to the maturation of helper T cells (Th1 or Th2)
- Immature CD8+ T cells interact with antigens presented by APCs via MHCI, maturing into cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
The link between innate and adaptive immunity
- In innate immunity pathogens and PAMPS are linked to APCs to T cells.
- Stressed and Healthy cells link to danger signals in adaptive immunity
B-Cell Receptors
- B-cell receptors (BCR) are located on B-lymphocytes.
DNA and RNA Function
- Nucleus contains DNA
- Transcription and translation of mRNA happens in the cytoplasm factory
- Surface polypeptide provides surveillance and security
Presentation of Endogenous and Exogenous Antigens
- Endogenous antigens presentation occurs and starts from the nucleus
- Exogenous antigens presentation involves extracellular pathogens.
Presentation of Endogenous Antigen (MHC-I)
- Endogenous antigens presentation occurs in the nucleus. the extracellular pathogens and phagosomes also are involved.
Example - Immune Response to Corona Virus
- The immune response in corona virus involves Macrophages, Proinflamatory cytokines, Infected host cells, Plasma cells, B cells, T Cells, B cell promoting cytokines and Helper cells
Cytokine Secretion and Biological Activities of TH1 and TH2 Subsets
- Type 1 T-cells lead to Cell-mediated Immune response and intracellular organisms using IL-2, IFN-y, TNF
- Type 2 T-cells lead to Humoral response (parasites) using IL-4 and IL-5
Role of TH1/TH2 Balance
- Leprosy: Lepromatous (TH2, humoral response) can lead to patient death, while Tuberculoid (TH1, CMI response) allows the patient to live.
- Granuloma/ tuberculoid (TH1, CMI response) allows the patient to live
- Lepromatous (TH2, humoral response) can lead to patient death
TH1 Lymphocytes (CD4)
- TH1 Lymphocytes promote cell-mediated functions like delayed-type hypersensitivity, production of opsonizing IgG Abs (IgG) and promote Complement activating abs (IgG).
- TH1 Lymphocytes produce IL-2, IFNy and TNFẞ
- They respond to infections from viruses and intracellular pathogens
TH2 Lymphocytes
- TH2 lymphocytes can also perform a humoral response.
- They stimulate esinophil which causes activation and differentiation.
- TH2 lymphocytes promote the function of IgE and esinophils on helminths (round worms).
- They help with B cells, promoting antibody production.
- TH2 lymphocytes promotes large amounts of IgE,IgM and non-complement activating IgG antibodies
- Subset also supports allergic reactions like IgE with histamine release.
- And promotes production of IL-4,IL-5 and IL-10
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