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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately differentiates between NK and NKT cells?
Which statement accurately differentiates between NK and NKT cells?
- NKT cells are a type of innate immune cell, while NK cells are adaptive.
- NKT cells can recognize lipid antigens, whereas NK cells primarily target virally infected cells. (correct)
- NK cells express T-cell receptors, while NKT cells do not.
- NK cells are primarily involved in antibody production, unlike NKT cells.
How do macrophages and dendritic cells collaborate with NK cells in an immune response?
How do macrophages and dendritic cells collaborate with NK cells in an immune response?
- Macrophages secrete cytokines to inhibit NK cell activity and promote inflammation.
- NK cells directly consume pathogens, reducing the need for macrophages.
- Macrophages produce antibodies that NK cells utilize to target pathogens.
- Dendritic cells present antigens to NK cells, enhancing their cytotoxic response. (correct)
What is a key feature of lymphocyte movement throughout the body?
What is a key feature of lymphocyte movement throughout the body?
- Lymphocytes navigate through lymphatic vessels and blood circulatory systems. (correct)
- Lymphocytes are restricted to secondary lymphoid organs.
- Lymphocytes migrate exclusively towards infected tissues.
- Lymphocytes only move within the circulatory system.
What distinguishes the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system?
What distinguishes the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary and secondary immune organs in vertebrates?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary and secondary immune organs in vertebrates?
What is a key difference between NK cells and NKT cells regarding their receptors?
What is a key difference between NK cells and NKT cells regarding their receptors?
How do NK cells interact with macrophages and dendritic cells to enhance the immune response?
How do NK cells interact with macrophages and dendritic cells to enhance the immune response?
What anatomical features facilitate the movement of lymphocytes throughout the body?
What anatomical features facilitate the movement of lymphocytes throughout the body?
What distinguishes the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system?
What distinguishes the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system?
Where do immune cells primarily mature in the body?
Where do immune cells primarily mature in the body?
What is the role of secondary immune organs in relation to the adaptive immune system?
What is the role of secondary immune organs in relation to the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of T cells?
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of T cells?
Which cytokine is typically involved in T cell differentiation within the adaptive immune response?
Which cytokine is typically involved in T cell differentiation within the adaptive immune response?
What distinguishes NKT cells from NK cells?
What distinguishes NKT cells from NK cells?
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
Where are B cells primarily matured before they enter circulation?
Where are B cells primarily matured before they enter circulation?
Which effector cytokines are associated with Type 2 immunity?
Which effector cytokines are associated with Type 2 immunity?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?
Which of the following is a characteristic of primary immune organs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of primary immune organs?
Which cytokine is essential for the activation of cytotoxic T cells?
Which cytokine is essential for the activation of cytotoxic T cells?
Which cell type is primarily involved in the early defense against viral infections?
Which cell type is primarily involved in the early defense against viral infections?
What type of cells are ILCs and what is their main role?
What type of cells are ILCs and what is their main role?
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Study Notes
Adaptive Immune Cells and Receptors
- Adaptive immunity cells are primarily lymphoid cells like B and T cells.
- Natural Killer (NK) cells are a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, functioning as a first-line defense against viral infections.
- Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) and Lymphoid Tissue inducer (LTi) cells are lymphoid lineage cells with innate functions.
- Dendritic cells are the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. They present antigens to T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues.
- Killer Activating Receptors (KAR) on NK cells bind to MICA and MICB molecules.
- Killer Inhibitory receptors (KIR) found on NK cells bind to MHC Class I molecules.
- NKT cells have T cell receptors (TCR) with a limited repertoire.
- Unlike NK cells, NKT cells do not express KAR and KIR.
NK and NKT Cells
- Both NK and NKT cells originate from the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP).
- NK cells likely originate from the common ILC precursor, while NKT cells are thought to come from the T cell precursor.
- NK cells kill virally infected cells, cancerous cells, antibody-coated cells without prior sensitization requiring MHC regulation.
- NK cells kill cells without normal MHC levels.
- NKT cells are activated by lipids, glycolipids, or hydrophobic peptides presented by non-classical MHC molecules.
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Secondary lymphoid organs are the sites where adaptive immune responses are initiated.
- Lymphocytes circulate throughout the body, moving between primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
- The primary lymphoid organs are the sites where immune cells mature.
Adaptive vs. Innate Immunity
- Adaptive immunity is characterized by its ability to specifically recognize and eliminate pathogens, while innate immunity provides a more general defense against a wide range of pathogens.
- Adaptive immunity has memory, allowing for a quicker and more effective response upon re-exposure to a pathogen.
- The adaptive immune system relies on specific receptors on B and T cells, while the innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
Cytokine Roles
- IL-7 drives lymphocyte development.
- IL-12 promotes the differentiation of ILC1 cells, which secrete IFNγ, a key cytokine in type 1 immunity.
- IL-25 and IL-33 promote the differentiation of ILC2 cells, which secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, key cytokines in type 2 immunity.
- IL-1β and IL-23 drive the differentiation of ILC3 cells, which secrete IL-17 and IL-22, key cytokines in type 3 immunity.
- NKT cells secrete large amounts of IL-4.
- IL-2 is required for the differentiation of cytotoxic T cells, which then acquire the capacity to kill aberrant cells.
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