funmed immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of acute inflammation?

  • Healing (correct)
  • Tissue destruction
  • Fibrosis
  • Chronic inflammation

Which type of immune cells are activated in response to recognition of peptides derived from endogenous sources?

  • Macrophages
  • CD4 T cells
  • CD8 T cells (correct)
  • B cells

What is the primary function of immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells?

  • To present antigens to T cells
  • To proliferate in response to chemokines
  • To secrete cytokines
  • To tag pathogens for destruction (correct)

What is the typical duration of chronic inflammation?

<p>Weeks to years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in the recognition of antigens in 3D conformation?

<p>B cells and plasma cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in acute inflammation?

<p>To phagocytose debris and pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of intrinsic factor that can initiate acute inflammation?

<p>Viral infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of natural killer lymphocytes in acute inflammation?

<p>To directly lyse virally infected cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immune cells is primarily involved in allergies and helminth infections?

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for endogenous chemical agents that promote inflammation?

<p>Inflammatory mediators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of failure of acute inflammation to resolve?

<p>Chronic inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

<p>Duration of inflammation response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of properly regulated inflammation?

<p>Facilitation of normal tissue function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation?

<p>Acute inflammation is a precursor to chronic inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of acute inflammation?

<p>Finite duration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pain during acute inflammation?

<p>Exudate fluid stretching pain receptors and nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?

<p>Combat bacteria and fungal infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between pyrexia and calor in acute inflammation?

<p>Pyrexia is fever, while calor is heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the sequence of cellular and/or vascular processes in acute inflammation?

<p>Cardinal signs of acute inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?

<p>Combat bacteria and fungal infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between transudate and exudate in the context of acute inflammation?

<p>The presence of proteins in the fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the directional movement of cells towards an extracellular chemoattractant molecule, against a concentration gradient?

<p>Chemotaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which phagocytic cells recognize, engulf, and digest foreign material?

<p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the leukocytes that gather towards the margins of blood vessels in response to inflammatory signals?

<p>Margination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the acute inflammatory response?

<p>To eliminate foreign pathogens and debris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of opsonin molecules in the process of phagocytosis?

<p>To coat antigens and mark them for destruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes?

<p>The formation of a mature phagolysosome where engulfed material is destroyed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of pathogenic microorganisms gaining access to the lymphatic and circulatory systems?

<p>The occurrence of sepsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased blood flow and chemotaxis during acute inflammation?

<p>More leucocytes are drawn to the inflamed area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the cascade of inflammatory mediators in response to tissue injury?

<p>The enhanced clearance of pathogens and damaged cell contents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

<p>Digestion and killing of bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas?

<p>Granulomatous inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for molecular patterns associated with damaged or dying cells?

<p>DAMPS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of granulation tissue in chronic inflammation?

<p>Formation of new tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is caused by the bacterial organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Granulomatous inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation?

<p>Formation of new tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cell type that matures from monocytes?

<p>Macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?

<p>Recruitment of other inflammatory cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by granulomatous inflammation?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of inflammation characterized by the presence of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates?

<p>Chronic inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells recognize antigens in a 3D conformation?

<p>B cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of helper T cells?

<p>Production of cytokines to activate other immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in innate immunity and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells?

<p>Production and secretion of antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in adaptive immunity and recognize peptides derived from endogenous sources?

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chemoattractants in acute inflammation?

<p>To direct the migration of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the directional movement of cells towards an extracellular chemoattractant molecule, against a concentration gradient?

<p>Chemotaxis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which leukocytes cross the endothelial wall during acute inflammation?

<p>Diapedesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fluid that leaks into tissue and contains proteins and cellular debris during acute inflammation?

<p>Exudate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phagocytic cells in acute inflammation?

<p>To recognize and eliminate foreign substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are primarily involved in recognizing peptides derived from endogenous sources?

<p>T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?

<p>To combat bacteria and fungal infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are involved in innate immunity and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

<p>Natural Killer cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of opsonin molecules in the process of phagocytosis?

<p>To mark antigens for elimination by phagocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>To produce antibodies against pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the cascade of inflammatory mediators in response to tissue injury?

<p>Resolution of inflammation and tissue repair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are primarily involved in allergies and helminth infections?

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in acute inflammation?

<p>To phagocytose and eliminate foreign material and debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of pathogenic microorganisms gaining access to the lymphatic and circulatory systems?

<p>Sepsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in acute inflammation?

<p>To capture and kill pathogens through NETosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic that differentiates acute inflammation from chronic inflammation in terms of duration?

<p>Months to years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of failure of acute inflammation to resolve?

<p>Chronic inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation in terms of outcome?

<p>Tissue repair vs. chronic disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation?

<p>Acute inflammation can lead to chronic inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of properly regulated inflammation?

<p>Resolution and clearance of immune cells to facilitate normal tissue function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of macrophages in the formation of granulomas?

<p>To fuse together and form multinucleate giant cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages?

<p>To recognize and respond to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are involved in recognizing and responding to peptides derived from endogenous sources?

<p>T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, in the activation of macrophages?

<p>To activate the phagocytic activity of macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas?

<p>Granulomatous inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are involved in the recognition of antigens in a 3D conformation?

<p>B cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation?

<p>To synthesize extracellular matrix and collagen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of natural killer cells in acute inflammation?

<p>To recognize and respond to virally infected cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells in chronic inflammation?

<p>To produce antibodies against pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the molecular patterns associated with damaged or dying cells?

<p>Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?

<p>To respond to allergies and helminth infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is a type of tissue-resident cell?

<p>Mast cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of natural killer lymphocytes in the immune response?

<p>To directly lyse virally infected cells, tumour cells or antibody-coated cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic factor that can initiate acute inflammation?

<p>Viral infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the endogenous chemical agents that promote inflammation?

<p>Inflammatory mediators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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