funmed immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of acute inflammation?

  • Healing (correct)
  • Tissue destruction
  • Fibrosis
  • Chronic inflammation

    • Which type of immune cells are activated in response to recognition of peptides derived from endogenous sources?

  • Macrophages
  • CD4 T cells
  • CD8 T cells (correct)
  • B cells

    • What is the primary function of immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells?

  • To present antigens to T cells
  • To proliferate in response to chemokines
  • To secrete cytokines
  • To tag pathogens for destruction (correct)

    • What is the typical duration of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Weeks to years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the recognition of antigens in 3D conformation?

    <p>B cells and plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in acute inflammation?

    <p>To phagocytose debris and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of intrinsic factor that can initiate acute inflammation?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer lymphocytes in acute inflammation?

    <p>To directly lyse virally infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immune cells is primarily involved in allergies and helminth infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for endogenous chemical agents that promote inflammation?

    <p>Inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure of acute inflammation to resolve?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

    <p>Duration of inflammation response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of properly regulated inflammation?

    <p>Facilitation of normal tissue function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation?

    <p>Acute inflammation is a precursor to chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of acute inflammation?

    <p>Finite duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pain during acute inflammation?

    <p>Exudate fluid stretching pain receptors and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?

    <p>Combat bacteria and fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between pyrexia and calor in acute inflammation?

    <p>Pyrexia is fever, while calor is heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the sequence of cellular and/or vascular processes in acute inflammation?

    <p>Cardinal signs of acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrophils in the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?

    <p>Combat bacteria and fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between transudate and exudate in the context of acute inflammation?

    <p>The presence of proteins in the fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the directional movement of cells towards an extracellular chemoattractant molecule, against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which phagocytic cells recognize, engulf, and digest foreign material?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the leukocytes that gather towards the margins of blood vessels in response to inflammatory signals?

    <p>Margination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acute inflammatory response?

    <p>To eliminate foreign pathogens and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of opsonin molecules in the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>To coat antigens and mark them for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes?

    <p>The formation of a mature phagolysosome where engulfed material is destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of pathogenic microorganisms gaining access to the lymphatic and circulatory systems?

    <p>The occurrence of sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased blood flow and chemotaxis during acute inflammation?

    <p>More leucocytes are drawn to the inflamed area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the cascade of inflammatory mediators in response to tissue injury?

    <p>The enhanced clearance of pathogens and damaged cell contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Digestion and killing of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas?

    <p>Granulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for molecular patterns associated with damaged or dying cells?

    <p>DAMPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of granulation tissue in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Formation of new tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflammation is caused by the bacterial organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>Granulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Formation of new tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cell type that matures from monocytes?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Recruitment of other inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by granulomatous inflammation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of inflammation characterized by the presence of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells recognize antigens in a 3D conformation?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helper T cells?

    <p>Production of cytokines to activate other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in innate immunity and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma cells?

    <p>Production and secretion of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in adaptive immunity and recognize peptides derived from endogenous sources?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chemoattractants in acute inflammation?

    <p>To direct the migration of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the directional movement of cells towards an extracellular chemoattractant molecule, against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which leukocytes cross the endothelial wall during acute inflammation?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fluid that leaks into tissue and contains proteins and cellular debris during acute inflammation?

    <p>Exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phagocytic cells in acute inflammation?

    <p>To recognize and eliminate foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells are primarily involved in recognizing peptides derived from endogenous sources?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?

    <p>To combat bacteria and fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells are involved in innate immunity and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

    <p>Natural Killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of opsonin molecules in the process of phagocytosis?

    <p>To mark antigens for elimination by phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>To produce antibodies against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the cascade of inflammatory mediators in response to tissue injury?

    <p>Resolution of inflammation and tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells are primarily involved in allergies and helminth infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of macrophages in acute inflammation?

    <p>To phagocytose and eliminate foreign material and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of pathogenic microorganisms gaining access to the lymphatic and circulatory systems?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in acute inflammation?

    <p>To capture and kill pathogens through NETosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that differentiates acute inflammation from chronic inflammation in terms of duration?

    <p>Months to years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failure of acute inflammation to resolve?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation in terms of outcome?

    <p>Tissue repair vs. chronic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation?

    <p>Acute inflammation can lead to chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of properly regulated inflammation?

    <p>Resolution and clearance of immune cells to facilitate normal tissue function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages in the formation of granulomas?

    <p>To fuse together and form multinucleate giant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages?

    <p>To recognize and respond to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells are involved in recognizing and responding to peptides derived from endogenous sources?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, in the activation of macrophages?

    <p>To activate the phagocytic activity of macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas?

    <p>Granulomatous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells are involved in the recognition of antigens in a 3D conformation?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation?

    <p>To synthesize extracellular matrix and collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer cells in acute inflammation?

    <p>To recognize and respond to virally infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma cells in chronic inflammation?

    <p>To produce antibodies against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the molecular patterns associated with damaged or dying cells?

    <p>Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?

    <p>To respond to allergies and helminth infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is a type of tissue-resident cell?

    <p>Mast cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer lymphocytes in the immune response?

    <p>To directly lyse virally infected cells, tumour cells or antibody-coated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic factor that can initiate acute inflammation?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the endogenous chemical agents that promote inflammation?

    <p>Inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

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