80 Questions
What is the primary outcome of acute inflammation?
Healing
Which type of immune cells are activated in response to recognition of peptides derived from endogenous sources?
CD8 T cells
What is the primary function of immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells?
To tag pathogens for destruction
What is the typical duration of chronic inflammation?
Weeks to years
Which cells are involved in the recognition of antigens in 3D conformation?
B cells and plasma cells
What is the primary function of macrophages in acute inflammation?
To phagocytose debris and pathogens
Which of the following is NOT a type of intrinsic factor that can initiate acute inflammation?
Viral infection
What is the primary function of natural killer lymphocytes in acute inflammation?
To directly lyse virally infected cells
Which of the following immune cells is primarily involved in allergies and helminth infections?
Eosinophils
What is the term for endogenous chemical agents that promote inflammation?
Inflammatory mediators
What is the consequence of failure of acute inflammation to resolve?
Chronic inflammation
What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Duration of inflammation response
What is the ultimate goal of properly regulated inflammation?
Facilitation of normal tissue function
What is the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute inflammation is a precursor to chronic inflammation
What is a characteristic of acute inflammation?
Finite duration
What is the primary cause of pain during acute inflammation?
Exudate fluid stretching pain receptors and nerves
What is the primary function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?
Combat bacteria and fungal infections
What is the difference between pyrexia and calor in acute inflammation?
Pyrexia is fever, while calor is heat
What is the outcome of the sequence of cellular and/or vascular processes in acute inflammation?
Cardinal signs of acute inflammation
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?
Combat bacteria and fungal infections
What is the primary difference between transudate and exudate in the context of acute inflammation?
The presence of proteins in the fluid
What is the term for the directional movement of cells towards an extracellular chemoattractant molecule, against a concentration gradient?
Chemotaxis
What is the process by which phagocytic cells recognize, engulf, and digest foreign material?
Phagocytosis
What is the term for the leukocytes that gather towards the margins of blood vessels in response to inflammatory signals?
Margination
What is the primary function of the acute inflammatory response?
To eliminate foreign pathogens and debris
What is the purpose of opsonin molecules in the process of phagocytosis?
To coat antigens and mark them for destruction
What is the result of the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes?
The formation of a mature phagolysosome where engulfed material is destroyed
What is the consequence of pathogenic microorganisms gaining access to the lymphatic and circulatory systems?
The occurrence of sepsis
What is the effect of increased blood flow and chemotaxis during acute inflammation?
More leucocytes are drawn to the inflamed area
What is the outcome of the cascade of inflammatory mediators in response to tissue injury?
The enhanced clearance of pathogens and damaged cell contents
What is the primary function of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
Digestion and killing of bacteria
What type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas?
Granulomatous inflammation
What is the term for molecular patterns associated with damaged or dying cells?
DAMPS
What is the primary function of granulation tissue in chronic inflammation?
Formation of new tissue
Which type of inflammation is caused by the bacterial organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Granulomatous inflammation
What is the primary function of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation?
Formation of new tissue
What is the term for the cell type that matures from monocytes?
Macrophages
What is the primary function of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?
Recruitment of other inflammatory cells
Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by granulomatous inflammation?
All of the above
What is the term for the type of inflammation characterized by the presence of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates?
Chronic inflammation
Which type of immune cells recognize antigens in a 3D conformation?
B cells
What is the primary function of helper T cells?
Production of cytokines to activate other immune cells
Which cells are involved in innate immunity and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns?
Macrophages
What is the primary function of plasma cells?
Production and secretion of antibodies
Which cells are involved in adaptive immunity and recognize peptides derived from endogenous sources?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the primary function of chemoattractants in acute inflammation?
To direct the migration of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation
What is the term for the directional movement of cells towards an extracellular chemoattractant molecule, against a concentration gradient?
Chemotaxis
What is the primary mechanism by which leukocytes cross the endothelial wall during acute inflammation?
Diapedesis
What is the term for the fluid that leaks into tissue and contains proteins and cellular debris during acute inflammation?
Exudate
What is the primary function of phagocytic cells in acute inflammation?
To recognize and eliminate foreign substances
Which type of immune cells are primarily involved in recognizing peptides derived from endogenous sources?
T cells
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation?
To combat bacteria and fungal infections
Which type of immune cells are involved in innate immunity and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns?
Natural Killer cells
What is the primary function of opsonin molecules in the process of phagocytosis?
To mark antigens for elimination by phagocytes
What is the primary function of B cells in adaptive immunity?
To produce antibodies against pathogens
What is the outcome of the cascade of inflammatory mediators in response to tissue injury?
Resolution of inflammation and tissue repair
Which type of immune cells are primarily involved in allergies and helminth infections?
Eosinophils
What is the primary function of macrophages in acute inflammation?
To phagocytose and eliminate foreign material and debris
What is the consequence of pathogenic microorganisms gaining access to the lymphatic and circulatory systems?
Sepsis
What is the primary function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in acute inflammation?
To capture and kill pathogens through NETosis
What is the characteristic that differentiates acute inflammation from chronic inflammation in terms of duration?
Months to years
What is the consequence of failure of acute inflammation to resolve?
Chronic inflammation
What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation in terms of outcome?
Tissue repair vs. chronic disease
What is the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute inflammation can lead to chronic inflammation
What is the primary goal of properly regulated inflammation?
Resolution and clearance of immune cells to facilitate normal tissue function
What is the primary role of macrophages in the formation of granulomas?
To fuse together and form multinucleate giant cells
What is the primary function of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages?
To recognize and respond to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
Which type of immune cells are involved in recognizing and responding to peptides derived from endogenous sources?
T cells
What is the primary function of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, in the activation of macrophages?
To activate the phagocytic activity of macrophages
What is the term for the type of inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas?
Granulomatous inflammation
Which type of immune cells are involved in the recognition of antigens in a 3D conformation?
B cells
What is the primary function of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation?
To synthesize extracellular matrix and collagen
What is the primary function of natural killer cells in acute inflammation?
To recognize and respond to virally infected cells
What is the primary function of plasma cells in chronic inflammation?
To produce antibodies against pathogens
What is the term for the molecular patterns associated with damaged or dying cells?
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS)
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
To respond to allergies and helminth infections
Which of the following cells is a type of tissue-resident cell?
Mast cell
What is the primary function of natural killer lymphocytes in the immune response?
To directly lyse virally infected cells, tumour cells or antibody-coated cells
Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic factor that can initiate acute inflammation?
Viral infection
What is the term for the endogenous chemical agents that promote inflammation?
Inflammatory mediators
Learn about the differences between acute and chronic inflammation, including their causes, cells involved, and outcomes. Test your knowledge of the immune system and inflammation responses.
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