Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Quiz
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Questions and Answers

How is acute respiratory infection defined?

Acute respiratory infection is defined as an episode of acute symptoms and signs resulting from infection of any part of the respiratory tract or related structures (extending for less than 30 days).

Which of the following are common symptoms of acute respiratory infection?

  • Sore throat (correct)
  • Cough (correct)
  • Difficult breathing (correct)
  • Running nose (correct)
  • Ear problems (correct)
  • Fever (correct)

    • What are the two main categories of ARIs based on their location?

  • Lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) (correct)
  • Upper respiratory tract infections (AURIs) (correct)

    • Viral agents are primarily responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) in infants and young children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common viral agents of ALRI in infants and young children?

    <p>Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacterial agents with their associated respiratory complications:

    <p>Streptococcus pneumonia = Pneumonia Haemophilus influenza = Pneumonia, Meningitis Pertussis = Whooping cough Streptococcal pyogenes = Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The severity of acute respiratory infection is most severe at the extremes of age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered aggravating host factors for ARIs?

    <p>Lack of breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered environmental factors for ARIs?

    <p>Low socioeconomic condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute respiratory diseases are a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The incidence of common colds is highest in children under 5 years of age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are modes of transmission for ARIs?

    <p>Indirect contact through contaminated objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical incubation period for common colds?

    <p>Between 12 hours and 5 days, usually 48 hours, varying with the agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of communicability for common colds?

    <p>24 hours before onset and for 5 days after onset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are essential preventative measures for ARIs?

    <p>Adequate ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are control measures for ARIs?

    <p>Environmental sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common symptoms associated with COVID-19?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors that might affect the severity of COVID-19 in a patient?

    <p>Immune impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three levels of prevention for COVID-19?

    <p>Tertiary prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The MMR vaccine is a live-attenuated vaccine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The whole cell pertussis vaccine is a killed vaccine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DTaP vaccine contains purified, inactivated components of Bordetella pertussis cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diphtheria vaccination involves active immunization with diphtheria toxoid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The BCG vaccine is a live-attenuated variant of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines are available in monovalent, bivalent, and polyvalent forms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is recommended for all children under 2 years of age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine is a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is recommended for adults 65 years of age and older.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an acute respiratory infection?

    <p>An episode of acute symptoms and signs resulting from infection of any part of the respiratory tract or related structures (extending for less than 30 days).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of ARIs?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viral agents are responsible for over 90% of cases of community-acquired acute diseases of AURIs and a considerable proportion of ALRIs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common viral agent of ALRI in infants and young children?

    <p>Haemophilus influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors aggravates the occurrence of ARIs?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute viral rhinitis is a common condition that can be caused by a variety of viruses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common transmission route for acute viral rhinitis?

    <p>Insect bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for COVID-19?

    <p>Around 5 days (range: 2-14 days)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a typical symptom of COVID-19?

    <p>Congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals is NOT considered at higher risk for severe COVID-19?

    <p>Athletes with cardiovascular health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some control measures for COVID-19 in healthcare settings?

    <p>Disinfection and sterilization of contaminated objects, wearing masks and PPE, case detection, isolation and treatment, surveillance for contacts, social distancing, adequate nutrition, and environmental and occupational measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measles, mumps, and rubella are preventable diseases with a safe and effective vaccine available.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pertussis vaccine is administered in a single dose to infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of vaccine used for diphtheria?

    <p>diphtheria toxoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis?

    <p>Live attenuated variant prepared from bovine tubercle bacilli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines are effective against all strains of meningococcal bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of vaccine used for Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) disease?

    <p>Polysaccharide conjugate vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pneumovax® (PPSV23) vaccine is only recommended for adults 65 years of age or older.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Respiratory Tract Infection

    • Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is an episode of acute symptoms and signs from infection of any part of the respiratory tract lasting less than 30 days.
    • ARIs are classified by infection site:
      • Acute upper respiratory infections (AURIs): common cold, pharyngitis, and otitis media
      • Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs): epiglottitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, alveolitis, and pneumonia
    • Clinical features include: fever, runny nose, cough, sore throat, difficult breathing, and ear problems.
    • Viral agents cause over 90% of community-acquired ARIs in AURIs, and a large proportion of ALRIs. The most common viral agents causing ALRIs in infants/young children are Respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, parainfluenza, influenza A and B viruses, measles, mumps, and German Measles.
    • Bacterial agents that can cause complications include pertussis, streptococcal pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Haemophilus influenza.
    • Factors affecting ARI occurrence:
      • Age: Severity is worse in younger ages due to lack of past immunological experience and susceptible smaller airways.
      • Low birth weight: LBW babies are at higher risk of death.
      • Lack of breast feeding: Low immunity in children.
      • Malnutrition (e.g., PEM, anemia): Impaired immunity and health.
      • Poor vaccine coverage for vaccine preventable respiratory diseases.
      • Delayed or improper treatment of ARIs, especially those complicated with pneumonia.
      • Presence of siblings (especially at schools): Increased spread of infection.
      • Children attending nurseries (childcare centers): Higher chance of infection.
      • Environmental factors:
        • Higher rates in urban areas compared to rural areas.
        • Overcrowding and poor ventilation.
        • Large family size and low socioeconomic status.
        • Outdoor and indoor pollution (e.g., smoking, combustion in rural areas).
        • Unhealthy child care practices.
    • Magnitude of the problem
      • ARIs are a leading cause of death from infectious diseases.
      • Morbidity and mortality are significant, especially in children.
      • Adults also experience high incidence, disability, resulting in significant economic loss. ARIs are thus major global health problems.
    • AcuteViral Rhinitis (Common Cold)
      • An acute catarrhal infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by coryza, sneezing, lacrimation, irritation of the nasopharynx, chilliness, and malaise lasting 2–7 days.
      • Fever is uncommon in children older than 3 years and rare in adults.
      • Disability is important because it affects work performance and absenteeism; it may lead to laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, and further complications like sinusitis or otitis media.
    • Mode of transmission
      • Direct contact through inhalation of airborne droplets.
      • Indirect contact through hands and articles contaminated with discharges.
    • Incubation period: 12 hours to 5 days, usually around 48 hours, varying with the agent.
    • Period of communicability: 24 hours before onset of symptoms and for 5 days after onset.
    • Prevention:
      • Educate the public on personal hygiene (frequent handwashing, covering mouth when coughing or sneezing, safe disposal of oral/nasal discharges).
      • Avoid crowding when possible.
      • Provide adequate ventilation.
      • Avoid smoking in households with children (passive smoke exposure increases pneumonia risk).
    • Control:
      • Sterilize and disinfect items contaminated with respiratory discharges.
      • Symptomatic treatment for patients.
      • Adequate nutrition.
      • Environmental sanitation
    • COVID-19:
      • Incubation period: Roughly 5 days (range: 2–14 days).
      • Symptoms: Often unspecific, beyond just respiratory infection (cough, sputum, shortness of breath, fever, musculoskeletal symptoms, enteric or otolaryngeal symptoms).
      • Additional complications involving the coronary heart, thrombosis, embolism, dermatological lesions, renal and hepatic systems
      • Diagnosis: Lab investigations, chest X-ray, CT findings, and PCR tests.
    • Susceptible persons for severe COVID-19.
      • Cancer patients
      • COPD
      • Obesity
      • Immunocompromised people
      • Pregnant people
      • Smokers
      • Type 2 diabetes
      • Pregnancy
      • Sickle cell anemia
      • Heart disease
      • Chronic kidney disease
      • Cerebrovascular disease
    • Prevention of COVID-19
      • Primary prevention: Masks, social distancing, and vaccination.
      • Secondary prevention: Early detection and treatment (swabs).
      • Tertiary prevention: Rehabilitation of those impaired.
    • Control of COVID-19
      • Disinfect and sterilize contaminated items
      • HCWs should wear masks and PPE
      • Case detection, isolation, and immediate treatment
      • Surveillance of contacts
      • Social distancing and maintaining hygiene
      • Adequate nutrition
    • Vaccine-Preventable Respiratory Diseases:
    • Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
      • Types: Live-attenuated vaccine.
      • Dose and administration: Single 0.5 ml subcutaneous dose for routine immunization of children aged 18 months and for immunization of children up to 12 years who haven't had chickenpox.
      • Efficacy: 85-90% for disease prevention and 100% for severity prevention.
    • Whooping Cough
      • Type: Killed Whole-cell pertussis vaccine
      • Administration: Combination with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DPT) in infants (2, 4, 6 months). Booster dose at 18 months.
    • Adverse effects: Some mild systemic effects (fever, swelling, pain at injection site). Severe systemic effects are less common.
    • Acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP): Contains purified, inactivated components of Bordetella pertussis (pertussis toxin, filamentous haemagglutinin). Frequently is combined into DTaP vaccines.
      • Diphtheria: Active immunization with diphtheria toxoid. Preparations are combined with tetanus toxoid and either acellular pertussis antigens (DaPT) or whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DPT).
      • Tuberculosis: BCG vaccination administered to newborns via intradermal injection. 0.05 ml (newborns), 0.1 ml (others). Live attenuated vaccine from bovine tubercle bacilli.
      • Meningitis: Purified meningococcal polysaccharides (monovalent, bivalent or polyvalent). A single subcutaneous injection after 2 years of age.
      • Pneumococcal pneumonia: PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine recommended for children under 2, adults > 65, certain 2-64 year olds, and 19–64 year olds who smoke..
      • Haemophilus influenza: Hib vaccine as a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. It may be monovalent or polyvalent and can be given with others. Haemophilus influenza b causes mainly severe meningitis..
      • Haemophilus influenza: PCV23 (23-valent polysaccharide vaccine), recommended for adults > 65, immunocompromised adults, and those with chronic conditions (such as asthma or cancer).

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    Acute Respiratory Tract Infection PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on acute respiratory tract infections, including the classification, symptoms, and common viral and bacterial agents involved. This quiz covers both upper and lower respiratory infections as well as their clinical features. Perfect for students and health professionals alike!

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