IMMUNOSEROLOGY SPECIAL MIDTERM EXAM

It can lead to premature emphysema due to continuous elastase release.

Haptoglobin binds to free hemoglobin, preventing its loss in urine and indicating hemolytic activity.

Wilson's disease is a copper metabolism disorder causing copper accumulation, associated with low ceruloplasmin levels.

<p>Kayser-Fleischer rings are copper deposits in the cornea, indicating Wilson’s disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The classical pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, playing a key role in the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-reactive protein functions in opsonization, complement activation, and as a marker for inflammation, particularly indicating pneumococcal infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum amyloid A removes cholesterol from macrophages, aiding in the resolution of inflammation by facilitating cholesterol clearance at the injury site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can lead to uncontrolled inflammation and tissue damage in the respiratory tract, as white blood cells are no longer inhibited from releasing digestive enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleukin 1 beta, Interleukin 6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF alpha) are key cytokines produced by monocytes and macrophages in response to inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A CRP level greater than 2 mg/dl indicates a high cardiovascular risk, potentially signaling conditions like myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laboratory results that indicate drug-induced lupus include leukopenia, anemia, and low complement levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antihistone antibodies and Anti-DNP are commonly associated with drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of dsDNA antibodies is the most specific marker for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-Sm antibodies exhibit a coarse speckled pattern, while Anti-dsDNA antibodies demonstrate a peripheral or homogeneous pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms typically resolve upon discontinuation of the drug because the underlying autoimmune response triggered by the medication ceases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune diseases result from the loss of self-tolerance, where the immune system mistakenly targets self-antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The HLA-B27 allele is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis, a systemic autoimmune disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Female hormones may increase the risk of developing autoimmune diseases, as women are 2.7 times more likely to acquire these conditions than men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue trauma can release cryptic antigens that become accessible to lymphocytes, prompting an autoimmune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbial infections can induce autoimmunity through molecular mimicry, where pathogens' antigens closely resemble self-antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CA 125</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HER2 is used to check the response to trastuzumab therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PTH and Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) are unique to an individual's tumor, while tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are found in both normal and tumor cells and are abnormally expressed by the tumor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ideal tumor marker should be produced by the tumor or in response to it, be secreted into biological fluids for quantification, have a long enough half-life, be clinically significant at treatable levels, possess high sensitivity, and be absent in healthy individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancerous cells can evade the immune system by avoiding destruction and reprogramming their metabolism to support malignancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genomic instability leads to mutations that can result in uncontrolled cell division and altered tumor antigens, contributing to malignancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammatory responses can promote tumor growth by providing a microenvironment that supports angiogenesis and immune evasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Type I hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by an exaggerated response to harmless allergens, mainly mediated by IgE, and involves basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin prick testing is a preferred screening method that involves injecting small amounts of allergens under the skin to observe for a wheal-and-flare reaction as a positive indicator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II hypersensitivity is mainly mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies against cell surface antigens, whereas Type I hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies with an immediate response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate clinical manifestations include wheal-and-flare skin reactions, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific IgE testing like RAST measures allergen-specific IgE levels in patient serum, aiding in identifying the underlying allergens responsible for hypersensitivity reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies leading to cell destruction. Examples include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and drug reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In type III hypersensitivity, soluble antigens form immune complexes that can activate complement and recruit neutrophils. This leads to inflammation and tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II hypersensitivity involves cell surface antigens and is mediated by IgG or IgM, while type III involves soluble antigens forming complexes that activate complement. Timing and the mechanism of pathology also vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complement involvement in both types contributes to inflammation and cell damage: type II leads to cell lysis, while type III forms complexes that can deposit in tissues. Both can cause significant tissue injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Arthus reaction is characterized by localized immune complex formation in response to an antigen injected into previously sensitized individuals, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. It exemplifies complement activation and neutrophil recruitment.</p> Signup and view all the answers