CV 2

Which of the following is the most common cause of impaired coronary blood flow resulting in angina pectoris?

Which of the following is the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease?

What is the most important risk factor for ischemic heart disease?

What is the definition of unstable angina?

What is the equation for coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

What is the most dangerous anatomic lesion associated with an unfavorable prognosis in ischemic heart disease?

What is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia?

Which of the following agents should NOT be administered as part of the next management steps for a patient with chest pain and ST depression on the electrocardiogram (ECG)?

What is the formula for cardiac output?

What is the special consideration for a 32-year-old female with mitral stenosis undergoing a large abdominal surgery?

Which reflex is usually seen in brain injury and is characterized by Cushing's triad (hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular breathing)?

What are the compatible vital signs for a patient with severe traumatic brain injury and epidural hematoma being taken to the operating room for decompressive craniotomy?

Which reflex is responsible for maintaining circulatory homeostasis by responding to changes in blood pressure and heart rate?

What is the formula for stroke volume?

Which of the following is the most common cause of acute myocardial infarction (MI)?

Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for chronic stable angina?

Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle modification for reducing the risk of coronary artery disease?

Which class of drugs is associated with a substantial decrease in the risk of death due to cardiac events?

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of nitrates?

Which of the following is a common side effect of nitrate treatment?

Which class of drugs is associated with a decrease in heart rate and myocardial contractility?

Which class of medications is recommended for the medical management of Angina Pectoris?

What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?

What are the common side effects of calcium channel blockers?

What are the contraindications to the use of calcium channel blockers?

Which class of medications is recommended for the medical management of Angina Pectoris in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension?

What are the contraindications to the use of ACE inhibitors?

When is revascularization indicated for the treatment of Angina Pectoris?

In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), when is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) preferred over thrombolytic therapy?

What is the recommended timeframe for performing angioplasty in patients with STEMI?

Which of the following is a common symptom of ischemic heart disease?

Which of the following is a common treatment for valvular heart disease?

Which of the following is a risk factor for congenital heart disease?

Which of the following agents should NOT be administered as part of the next management steps for a patient with chest pain and ST depression on the electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Which of the following reflexes is usually seen in brain injury and is characterized by Cushing's triad (hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular breathing)?

Which of the following reflexes is responsible for maintaining circulatory homeostasis by responding to changes in blood pressure and heart rate?

Which class of drugs is associated with a decrease in heart rate and myocardial contractility?

Which of the following is the most common cause of impaired coronary blood flow resulting in angina pectoris?

Which of the following is the most dangerous anatomic lesion associated with an unfavorable prognosis in ischemic heart disease?

Which of the following is the first manifestation of ischemic heart disease?

Which of the following is the most important risk factor for ischemic heart disease?

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic modality for angina pectoris?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of stable angina?

Which of the following is a symptom of unstable angina?

Which of the following is a lifestyle modification recommended for reducing the risk of coronary artery disease?

Which of the following is the most common side effect of nitrate treatment?

Which class of drugs is associated with a decrease in heart rate and myocardial contractility?

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of nitrates?

Which of the following is the most common cause of impaired coronary blood flow resulting in angina pectoris?

Which of the following is a class of drugs associated with a substantial decrease in the risk of death due to cardiac events?

Which of the following is the most correct statement about the therapeutic value of organic nitrates?

Which class of medications is contraindicated in patients with severe congestive heart failure or severe aortic stenosis?

What are the common side effects of calcium channel blockers?

Which class of medications is recommended for patients with coronary artery disease, especially those with hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction, or diabetes?

What is the preferred treatment choice in patients with a contraindication to thrombolytic therapy and those with severe heart failure and/or pulmonary edema?

When is revascularization indicated for the treatment of Angina Pectoris?

What is the recommended timeframe for performing angioplasty in patients with STEMI?

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of nitrates?

What is the equation for coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle modification for reducing the risk of coronary artery disease?

Which medication should be started at least one week before surgery?

What is the most effective method for monitoring myocardial ischemia during surgery?

Which medication is an appropriate choice when myocardial ischemia is associated with a normal or modestly elevated blood pressure?

What is the goal heart rate during surgery to control tachycardia?

Which induction agent is preferred for cardiac transplantation due to its minimal effect on hemodynamics?

What is the preferred technique for maintenance of anesthesia during cardiac transplantation?

Which anesthetic drug should be avoided in patients undergoing cardiac transplantation due to the presence of significant pulmonary hypertension?

Which mechanism is responsible for the increase in stroke volume in response to an increase in preload in patients with transplanted hearts?

Which of the following is a significant association with increased troponin levels in surgical patients?

What is the recommended action if there is an increase in troponin level postoperatively, even in the absence of clear cardiovascular signs and symptoms?

Which of the following is a specialized preoperative testing for perioperative assessment in ischemic heart disease?

What is the purpose of evaluating clinical risk factors in the perioperative assessment of ischemic heart disease?

Which of the following is a major clinical predictor of increased perioperative cardiovascular risk?

Which of the following is a moderate clinical risk factor for perioperative cardiac complications?

Which of the following is a minor clinical risk factor for coronary artery disease?

What is the fundamental reason for risk stratification in patients with ischemic heart disease?

Which patients are traditionally thought to be contraindicated for β-blockers?

What is the primary goal in the management of STEMI?

What is the association between thrombolytic therapy and hemorrhagic stroke?

What is the recommended duration of delaying elective noncardiac surgery after PCI with drug-eluting stent placement?

Which of the following is the most common symptom of valvular heart disease?

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic modality used in the perioperative evaluation of valvular heart disease?

Which of the following is the most appropriate management strategy for patients with valvular heart disease who require anticoagulation therapy?

Which of the following is the most common complication associated with prosthetic heart valves?

Which of the following is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

What is the normal mitral valve area?

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with mitral stenosis?

What is the gold standard for diagnosing mitral stenosis?

Which of the following is the recommended treatment for mitral stenosis?

What events should be prevented or treated during anesthesia for patients with mitral stenosis?

Which chamber of the heart is best heard at the cardiac apex?

Which heart sound is produced by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves?

Which heart sound is produced by the closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves?

Which valve lesion requires a slow heart rate to improve left ventricular filling and coronary blood flow?

Which induction agent is preferred for cardiac transplantation because it has little effect on hemodynamics?

Which of the following is rarely used during cardiac transplantation due to the presence of significant pulmonary hypertension?

Which mechanism is responsible for the increase in stroke volume in response to an increase in preload in patients with transplanted hearts?

Which of the following is a noninvasive imaging test used to assess myocardial perfusion in patients with suspected ischemic heart disease?

Which of the following is a significant association with increased troponin levels in surgical patients?

What is the recommended action when an increase in troponin level is detected postoperatively, even in the absence of cardiovascular signs and symptoms?

Which specialized preoperative testing is recommended for perioperative assessment in ischemic heart disease?

What is the purpose of perioperative assessment in ischemic heart disease?

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of β-blockers?

Which type of plaque is most prone to rupture?

What is the primary goal in the management of STEMI?

What is the recommended duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after a PCI with drug-eluting stent placement?

Which of the following is a major clinical risk factor for perioperative cardiovascular risk?

Which of the following is an intermediate clinical risk factor for perioperative cardiovascular risk?

Which of the following is a minor clinical risk factor for coronary artery disease?

Which of the following is a goal in the preoperative management of patients with ischemic heart disease?

Which medication should be used to treat myocardial ischemia associated with a normal or modestly elevated blood pressure?

Which medication can be used to treat a persistent increase in heart rate in the setting of normal or high blood pressure?

What is the most effective method for monitoring myocardial ischemia during surgery?

When should treatment of myocardial ischemia be instituted?

Which of the following is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

What is the normal mitral valve area?

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of mitral stenosis?

What is the gold standard for diagnosing mitral stenosis?

What is the recommended treatment for mitral stenosis?

Which of the following events can impact mitral stenosis during anesthesia?

Which of the following is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

What is the normal mitral valve area?

Which gender is most commonly affected by mitral stenosis?

What is the most common symptom of mitral stenosis?

What is the gold standard for diagnosing mitral stenosis?

What is the treatment of choice for mitral stenosis?

What is the most important factor to monitor during anesthesia for patients with mitral stenosis?

What is the risk associated with overtransfusion or head-down positioning in patients with mitral stenosis?

What is the recommended technique for induction of anesthesia in patients with mitral stenosis?

What is the most common complication after mitral stenosis surgery?