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Questions and Answers
What is the most common risk factor for HPV-positive squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx?
Which feature is typically seen in juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis?
What is the most common microscopic appearance of HPV-positive squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx?
What is the most common location for a Singer's nodule?
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Which statement is true about squamous papillomas of the larynx?
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What is the most common malignancy in the upper respiratory tract?
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What is the most likely cause of acute rhinitis with symptoms of coryza, sneezing, nasal congestion, and mild sore throat?
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Which organism is most commonly associated with causing rhinoscleroma?
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What is the hallmark of allergic rhinitis involving mast cells?
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Which condition is likely to result in fibrous scarring, decreased vascularity, and atrophy of the epithelium and mucous glands?
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What is a common tumor of the nasopharynx?
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What is the most common cause of acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)?
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Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)?
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What type of tumor is angiofibroma?
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Which of the following is the most common malignant nasal tumor?
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What is the characteristic feature of olfactory neuroblastomas?
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What is the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases
- Rhinitis is a common illness, caused by viruses, especially adenoviruses, and manifests with coryza, sneezing, nasal congestion, and mild sore throat.
- Acute rhinitis types include:
- Common cold
- Allergic rhinitis (IgE type I immune reaction involving mast cells)
- Bacterial infection (superimposed on acute viral or allergic rhinitis)
Rhinoscleroma
- Granulomatous inflammation of the upper respiratory tract
- Primarily affects the nose, but also nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea
- Caused by Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
- Endemic in Egypt
Epistaxis
- No specific causes mentioned
Laryngitis
- Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) is a potentially life-threatening condition in infants
- Caused by viral infection
- Characteristics: harsh cough and inspiratory stridor
Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose, Nasal Sinuses, and Nasopharynx
- Angiofibroma: vascular neoplasm, adolescent males, common in posterior-lateral nasal wall and nasopharynx
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (previously known as lymphoepithelioma): most common in Southeast Asia and East Africa, caused by Epstein-Barr virus
- Squamous cell carcinoma: most common malignant nasal tumor
- Adenocarcinoma: 5% of malignant tumors, includes intestinal-type and non-intestinal-type cases
- Olfactory neuroblastomas: arise from olfactory mucosa, usually in older male patients
- Plasmacytoma: extraosseous form of plasma cell neoplasms
- Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: aggressive mesenchymal malignancy, most common in young children
Oropharynx
- Squamous cell carcinomas: incidence is the vast majority of malignancies, risk factor is high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially type 16
Larynx
- Singer's nodule: small, benign laryngeal polyp, usually induced by chronic irritation and excessive use of voice
- Squamous papilloma: benign neoplasm, usually around the true vocal cords, may rarely undergo malignant change, usually due to low-risk HPV infections (types 6 and 11)
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Description
Test your knowledge on acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and tumors of the upper respiratory tract. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and characteristics of these conditions.
