Elimination

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a priority in determining the cause of Acute Kidney Injury?

Ruling out reversible causes (correct)

Determining the presence of anemia

Stopping any renal toxic drugs

Ruling out glomerular disease

What is a common manifestation of tubular dysfunction in the postoliguric phase?

Sodium retention

Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

Hypokalemia

Sodium wasting (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a laboratory test used in the diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury?

Urine protein assessment

Urinary sediment analysis

Lipid profile (correct)

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

What is a common electrolyte abnormality seen in Acute Kidney Injury?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the postoliguric phase?

Urine output gradually returns to normal Signup and view all the answers

What is a common hematological abnormality seen in Acute Kidney Injury?

Normochromic/normocytic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal in treating a prerenal cause of Acute Kidney Injury?

Treating the underlying cause Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a laboratory test used to assess for postrenal cause of Acute Kidney Injury?

Renal ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?

Glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with edema and proteinuria. What type of kidney injury is most likely?

Renal Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a post-void residual urine volume of 300 ml is likely experiencing which of the following?

Postrenal AKI Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for fluid restriction in patients with AKI?

To minimize the risk of electrolyte imbalances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of urinary stones?

Hematuria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of urinary stone is most common in women?

Struvite Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of urinary tract calculi?

Sedentary lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical indication for dialysis in AKI?

Elevated blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What type of kidney injury is characterized by damage to the renal tubules?

Acute tubular necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common diagnostic tool used to evaluate the kidneys and urinary tract for stones?

Ultrasound (US) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a prerenal cause of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

Prolonged hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of injury in acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

Direct damage to the renal tubules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common renal cause of AKI?

Glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with AKI due to bilateral kidney stones. This is an example of which type of AKI?

Postrenal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common postrenal cause of AKI?

Prostate enlargement Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes prerenal AKI from other causes?

Urine output that is disproportionately low for the patient's fluid intake Signup and view all the answers

A patient with AKI due to prolonged hypotension would most likely be categorized as having which type of AKI?

Prerenal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to AKI due to glomerular damage?

Diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Filter blood and produce urine Signup and view all the answers

A patient with AKI is at an increased risk for what complication?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of calcium oxalate stones in the types of urinary tract calculi?

35-40% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of infected stones in patients with an external urinary diversion?

Urinary retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test used to assess and evaluate symptoms of infection in patients with urinary tract calculi?

UA Urine C&S Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for the development of urinary tract calculi?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of pain management in patients with urinary tract calculi?

To relieve obstructive symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of urinary stone that is more common in women?

Struvite Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of urinary stones?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the diagnostic tool used to evaluate the kidneys and urinary tract for stones?

Renal US Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for assessing urinary stone formation in patients with urinary tract calculi?

To prevent further stone formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of urinary stone that is associated with a genetic defect?

Cystine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal in treating a patient with non-oliguric acute kidney injury?

To rule out reversible causes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation of tubular dysfunction in the postoliguric phase of acute kidney injury?

Sodium wasting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following laboratory tests is used to assess for postrenal cause of acute kidney injury?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a common electrolyte abnormality seen in acute kidney injury?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the postoliguric phase of acute kidney injury?

Urine output gradually returns to normal Signup and view all the answers

What is a common hematological abnormality seen in acute kidney injury?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a prerenal cause of acute kidney injury?

Volume depletion Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of acute kidney injury?

Progressing acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common type of renal calculi that consists mostly of calcium?

Calcium oxalate stones Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment finding would most likely indicate the presence of renal calculi?

Severe flank pain Signup and view all the answers

What intervention is typically recommended for a patient experiencing acute pain from renal calculi?

Administration of narcotic analgesics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of renal calculi is commonly associated with urinary tract infections?

Struvite stones Signup and view all the answers

What dietary change is often suggested to help prevent the formation of calcium oxalate stones?

Reduce oxalate-containing foods Signup and view all the answers

What is an important nursing intervention for a patient diagnosed with a fissure?

Promote adequate fluid intake Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging study is most commonly used to diagnose renal calculi?

CT scan Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise if renal calculi remain untreated?

Chronic kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would surgical intervention for renal calculi most likely be indicated?

If there are recurrent infections due to the stones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential risk factor for developing renal calculi?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

AKI is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function, leading to retention of waste products and electrolyte imbalances.
Urgent treatment may be needed for life-threatening conditions such as pulmonary edema and severe hyperkalemia.
May require adjustments to medications, fluid restrictions, and potentially dialysis for management.

Diagnostic Criteria

Diagnosis involves a reduction in urine output and an increase in serum creatinine levels.
Azotemia refers to the accumulation of nitrogen waste products in the bloodstream.
Assessment often includes a review of medications and exposure to nephrotoxins.

Risks and Classification of AKI

AKI can be classified into three categories: prerenal, renal, and postrenal.
Prerenal AKI is caused by inadequate renal perfusion; it's often reversible with treatment.
Renal AKI involves direct damage to the kidneys; postrenal is due to obstructions in urine outflow.
Older adults are more susceptible to AKI due to a decrease in nephron function with age.

Indications for Dialysis

Fluid overload unresponsive to diuretics, severe hyperkalemia (potassium >6.5 mEq/L), and overt uremic symptoms (e.g., pericarditis, encephalopathy) may warrant dialysis.

Urinary Tract Calculi (Stones)

Stones can form from calcium, struvite, uric acid, or cystine, each with different prevalence rates:
- Calcium oxalate (35-40%), struvite (10-15%), uric acid (5-8%), cystine (1-2%).
Factors influencing stone formation include metabolic abnormalities, dietary habits, climate, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle.
Common symptoms include flank pain, hematuria, nausea, and vomiting.

Management and Assessment of Stones

Diagnostic procedures include urine analysis, imaging, and renal ultrasound.
Treatment focuses on pain management, treating infections, and preventive measures against future stone formation.
Strain urine to collect stones for analysis and evaluate stone composition.

Risk Factors for Stone Formation

Dietary factors include excessive tea, fruit juices, proteins, calcium, and oxalate-rich foods.
Environmental factors like warm climates can lead to increased fluid loss and concentrated urine.
Lifestyle factors such as sedentary occupations and immobility can heighten risk.
Family history of renal calculi, gout, or metabolic disorders presents additional predispositions.

Urinary Tract Stones Characteristics

Infected stones can grow into a staghorn configuration within the kidney, common in patients with urinary diversions or long-term catheters.
Clinical manifestations occur when stones obstruct urinary flow, leading to complications.

Kidney Function

Kidneys filter total plasma volume multiple times daily and reabsorb approximately 99% of filtrate, producing about 1.5L of urine daily.
Renal tubules function in the selective reabsorption of water and electrolytes, critical for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

Treatment of AKI

Specific treatments depend on identifying and addressing the underlying cause.
Volume depletion due to hypovolemia can be treated with fluid infusions.
Monitoring for lab results such as serum creatinine and electrolyte levels is crucial for assessing kidney health.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

AKI is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function, leading to retention of waste products and electrolyte imbalances.
Urgent treatment may be needed for life-threatening conditions such as pulmonary edema and severe hyperkalemia.
May require adjustments to medications, fluid restrictions, and potentially dialysis for management.

Diagnostic Criteria

Diagnosis involves a reduction in urine output and an increase in serum creatinine levels.
Azotemia refers to the accumulation of nitrogen waste products in the bloodstream.
Assessment often includes a review of medications and exposure to nephrotoxins.

Risks and Classification of AKI

AKI can be classified into three categories: prerenal, renal, and postrenal.
Prerenal AKI is caused by inadequate renal perfusion; it's often reversible with treatment.
Renal AKI involves direct damage to the kidneys; postrenal is due to obstructions in urine outflow.
Older adults are more susceptible to AKI due to a decrease in nephron function with age.

Indications for Dialysis

Fluid overload unresponsive to diuretics, severe hyperkalemia (potassium >6.5 mEq/L), and overt uremic symptoms (e.g., pericarditis, encephalopathy) may warrant dialysis.

Urinary Tract Calculi (Stones)

Stones can form from calcium, struvite, uric acid, or cystine, each with different prevalence rates:
- Calcium oxalate (35-40%), struvite (10-15%), uric acid (5-8%), cystine (1-2%).
Factors influencing stone formation include metabolic abnormalities, dietary habits, climate, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle.
Common symptoms include flank pain, hematuria, nausea, and vomiting.

Management and Assessment of Stones

Diagnostic procedures include urine analysis, imaging, and renal ultrasound.
Treatment focuses on pain management, treating infections, and preventive measures against future stone formation.
Strain urine to collect stones for analysis and evaluate stone composition.

Risk Factors for Stone Formation

Dietary factors include excessive tea, fruit juices, proteins, calcium, and oxalate-rich foods.
Environmental factors like warm climates can lead to increased fluid loss and concentrated urine.
Lifestyle factors such as sedentary occupations and immobility can heighten risk.
Family history of renal calculi, gout, or metabolic disorders presents additional predispositions.

Urinary Tract Stones Characteristics

Infected stones can grow into a staghorn configuration within the kidney, common in patients with urinary diversions or long-term catheters.
Clinical manifestations occur when stones obstruct urinary flow, leading to complications.

Kidney Function

Kidneys filter total plasma volume multiple times daily and reabsorb approximately 99% of filtrate, producing about 1.5L of urine daily.
Renal tubules function in the selective reabsorption of water and electrolytes, critical for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

Treatment of AKI

Specific treatments depend on identifying and addressing the underlying cause.
Volume depletion due to hypovolemia can be treated with fluid infusions.
Monitoring for lab results such as serum creatinine and electrolyte levels is crucial for assessing kidney health.

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Test your knowledge on Acute Kidney Injury, its diagnosis, and management. Learn about the symptoms, treatment options, and more.