Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for the occurrence of acute cholecystitis?
What is the primary reason for the occurrence of acute cholecystitis?
- A gallstone is lodged in the cystic duct (correct)
- The small intestine secretes cholecystokinin into the blood
- The common bile duct is blocked
- The gallbladder contracts to secrete bile for digestion
What is the role of cholecystokinin in the digestive process?
What is the role of cholecystokinin in the digestive process?
- It stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile (correct)
- It regulates the movement of food in the stomach
- It inhibits the secretion of bile from the gallbladder
- It breaks down proteins in the small intestine
What is the result of the gallbladder trying to squeeze on a blocked duct?
What is the result of the gallbladder trying to squeeze on a blocked duct?
- Decreased secretion of mucus and inflammatory enzymes
- Increased bile flow into the small intestine
- Physical stretching and irritation of the nerves in the gallbladder and duct (correct)
- Relief of midepigastric pain
What is the outcome of bile stasis in the gallbladder?
What is the outcome of bile stasis in the gallbladder?
What is the location of the gallstone that leads to acute cholecystitis?
What is the location of the gallstone that leads to acute cholecystitis?
What is the typical duration of nausea and vomiting in acute cholecystitis?
What is the typical duration of nausea and vomiting in acute cholecystitis?
What is the primary cause of pain shifting to the right upper quadrant in a patient with cholecystitis?
What is the primary cause of pain shifting to the right upper quadrant in a patient with cholecystitis?
Which of the following bacteria is NOT commonly found in the gut and gallbladder?
Which of the following bacteria is NOT commonly found in the gut and gallbladder?
What is the term for the inflammation of the peritoneum that occurs when bacteria invade the gallbladder wall?
What is the term for the inflammation of the peritoneum that occurs when bacteria invade the gallbladder wall?
What is the purpose of the Murphy's sign test in diagnosing cholecystitis?
What is the purpose of the Murphy's sign test in diagnosing cholecystitis?
What is the most likely outcome if the stone falls out of the cystic duct?
What is the most likely outcome if the stone falls out of the cystic duct?
What is the term for the cell death that occurs when the gallbladder tissue does not receive enough blood supply?
What is the term for the cell death that occurs when the gallbladder tissue does not receive enough blood supply?
What is the term for the increase in serum conjugated bilirubin that occurs when bile backs up into the liver?
What is the term for the increase in serum conjugated bilirubin that occurs when bile backs up into the liver?
What is the enzyme that is found in high amounts in the liver and bile ducts, and is released into the blood when bile ducts are damaged?
What is the enzyme that is found in high amounts in the liver and bile ducts, and is released into the blood when bile ducts are damaged?
What is the term for the process by which bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection?
What is the term for the process by which bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection?
What is the term for the blockage of the flow of bile from the liver that can occur when a stone is lodged in the common bile duct?
What is the term for the blockage of the flow of bile from the liver that can occur when a stone is lodged in the common bile duct?
What is the term for the buildup of fat in the liver, which contributes to fatty liver disease?
What is the term for the buildup of fat in the liver, which contributes to fatty liver disease?
What is the byproduct of ethanol metabolism that can react with components of the hepatocyte, causing damage?
What is the byproduct of ethanol metabolism that can react with components of the hepatocyte, causing damage?
What is the term for the bundles of proteins that are commonly seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in alcoholic hepatitis?
What is the term for the bundles of proteins that are commonly seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in alcoholic hepatitis?
What is the enzyme that is typically elevated in the blood of patients with alcoholic liver disease, along with aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
What is the enzyme that is typically elevated in the blood of patients with alcoholic liver disease, along with aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
What is the term for the scarring that occurs around the central veins in the liver as a result of alcoholic liver disease?
What is the term for the scarring that occurs around the central veins in the liver as a result of alcoholic liver disease?
What is the term for the decrease in platelet count in the blood, which can be seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease?
What is the term for the decrease in platelet count in the blood, which can be seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease?
What is the primary effect of increased NADH levels in the liver cells?
What is the primary effect of increased NADH levels in the liver cells?
Which of the following enzymes does NOT play a role in the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde?
Which of the following enzymes does NOT play a role in the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde?
What is the characteristic change in the liver's appearance in fatty liver disease?
What is the characteristic change in the liver's appearance in fatty liver disease?
Which of the following pathways involves the enzyme catalase?
Which of the following pathways involves the enzyme catalase?
What is the consequence of decreased NAD+ levels in the liver cells?
What is the consequence of decreased NAD+ levels in the liver cells?
What is the ultimate product of alcohol metabolism in the liver?
What is the ultimate product of alcohol metabolism in the liver?
What is the term for the process where the liver increases fat storage and decreases fatty acid oxidation?
What is the term for the process where the liver increases fat storage and decreases fatty acid oxidation?
What is the typical combination of diagnoses associated with individuals affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the typical combination of diagnoses associated with individuals affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the likely outcome if nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is left untreated?
What is the likely outcome if nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is left untreated?
What is the role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What population is most commonly affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What population is most commonly affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the approximate percentage of obese individuals affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the approximate percentage of obese individuals affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the primary mechanism by which unsaturated fatty acids contribute to cell death in steatosis?
What is the primary mechanism by which unsaturated fatty acids contribute to cell death in steatosis?
What is the characteristic histopathological change seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?
What is the characteristic histopathological change seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?
What is the term for the process by which liver stellate cells lay down fibrotic tissue in response to chronic steatohepatitis?
What is the term for the process by which liver stellate cells lay down fibrotic tissue in response to chronic steatohepatitis?
What is the typical ratio of AST:ALT in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the typical ratio of AST:ALT in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the primary reason for the elevation of liver enzymes in the blood in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?
What is the primary reason for the elevation of liver enzymes in the blood in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?
What is the purpose of imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the purpose of imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is the characteristic change in the liver's appearance in steatohepatitis?
What is the characteristic change in the liver's appearance in steatohepatitis?
What is the term for the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that can occur in advanced steatohepatitis?
What is the term for the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that can occur in advanced steatohepatitis?
What is the percentage of fat content that is considered abnormal in the liver?
What is the percentage of fat content that is considered abnormal in the liver?
What is the primary consequence of steatosis in the liver?
What is the primary consequence of steatosis in the liver?
What is the primary mechanism of liver damage in viral hepatitis?
What is the primary mechanism of liver damage in viral hepatitis?
What is the significance of Councilman bodies in the context of viral hepatitis?
What is the significance of Councilman bodies in the context of viral hepatitis?
What is the role of MHC class 1 molecules in the context of viral hepatitis?
What is the role of MHC class 1 molecules in the context of viral hepatitis?
What is the cause of hepatomegaly in patients with viral hepatitis?
What is the cause of hepatomegaly in patients with viral hepatitis?
Why do patients with viral hepatitis often experience fever, malaise, and nausea?
Why do patients with viral hepatitis often experience fever, malaise, and nausea?
What is the significance of elevated transaminase levels in the blood of patients with viral hepatitis?
What is the significance of elevated transaminase levels in the blood of patients with viral hepatitis?
Which of the following liver enzymes is typically elevated more in viral hepatitis?
Which of the following liver enzymes is typically elevated more in viral hepatitis?
What is the characteristic of atypical lymphocytes in viral hepatitis?
What is the characteristic of atypical lymphocytes in viral hepatitis?
What is the primary reason for the elevation of conjugated bilirubin in viral hepatitis?
What is the primary reason for the elevation of conjugated bilirubin in viral hepatitis?
What is the typical outcome of viral hepatitis if symptoms persist for more than 6 months?
What is the typical outcome of viral hepatitis if symptoms persist for more than 6 months?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis A virus?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis A virus?
What is the characteristic of Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnant women?
What is the characteristic of Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnant women?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis C virus?
What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis C virus?
What is the typical outcome of Hepatitis C virus infection?
What is the typical outcome of Hepatitis C virus infection?
What is the term for the process by which urobilinogen is excreted in the urine in cirrhosis?
What is the term for the process by which urobilinogen is excreted in the urine in cirrhosis?
What is the primary difference between Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus infections?
What is the primary difference between Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus infections?
What is the test that detects the levels of viral RNA in the blood, which tells us the levels of virus circulating?
What is the test that detects the levels of viral RNA in the blood, which tells us the levels of virus circulating?
What is the percentage of chronic HBV infections in children less than 6 years old?
What is the percentage of chronic HBV infections in children less than 6 years old?
What is the marker for active viral replication in HBV infection?
What is the marker for active viral replication in HBV infection?
What is the term for the phase where neither the HBsAg nor IgG antibodies to the surface antigen can be detected?
What is the term for the phase where neither the HBsAg nor IgG antibodies to the surface antigen can be detected?
What is the test that confirms HCV infection, but is less sensitive than enzyme immunoassay?
What is the test that confirms HCV infection, but is less sensitive than enzyme immunoassay?
What is the IgM antibody response against in HBV infection?
What is the IgM antibody response against in HBV infection?
What is the term for the process by which the liver increases fat storage and decreases fatty acid oxidation?
What is the term for the process by which the liver increases fat storage and decreases fatty acid oxidation?
What is the primary route of transmission for HBV?
What is the primary route of transmission for HBV?
What is the term for the chronic infection that occurs in approximately 20% of HBV cases?
What is the term for the chronic infection that occurs in approximately 20% of HBV cases?
What is the role of PCR in HBV diagnosis?
What is the role of PCR in HBV diagnosis?
What is the outcome if the host transitions into chronic viral hepatitis?
What is the outcome if the host transitions into chronic viral hepatitis?
What is unique about the Hepatitis D virus?
What is unique about the Hepatitis D virus?
What happens to the IgM antibodies by 6 months?
What happens to the IgM antibodies by 6 months?
What is the difference between co-infection and superinfection?
What is the difference between co-infection and superinfection?
What is the purpose of immunization?
What is the purpose of immunization?
