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Układ pokarmowy cz 1
75 Questions
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Układ pokarmowy cz 1

Created by
@UnboundLoyalty

Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the occurrence of acute cholecystitis?

  • A gallstone is lodged in the cystic duct (correct)
  • The small intestine secretes cholecystokinin into the blood
  • The common bile duct is blocked
  • The gallbladder contracts to secrete bile for digestion

    • What is the role of cholecystokinin in the digestive process?

  • It stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile (correct)
  • It regulates the movement of food in the stomach
  • It inhibits the secretion of bile from the gallbladder
  • It breaks down proteins in the small intestine

    • What is the result of the gallbladder trying to squeeze on a blocked duct?

  • Decreased secretion of mucus and inflammatory enzymes
  • Increased bile flow into the small intestine
  • Physical stretching and irritation of the nerves in the gallbladder and duct (correct)
  • Relief of midepigastric pain

    • What is the outcome of bile stasis in the gallbladder?

    <p>The mucosa in the walls of the gallbladder secretes mucus and inflammatory enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the gallstone that leads to acute cholecystitis?

    <p>In the cystic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of nausea and vomiting in acute cholecystitis?

    <p>Long periods of time, potentially lasting for days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pain shifting to the right upper quadrant in a patient with cholecystitis?

    <p>Balloon-like expansion of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is NOT commonly found in the gut and gallbladder?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the peritoneum that occurs when bacteria invade the gallbladder wall?

    <p>Peritonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Murphy's sign test in diagnosing cholecystitis?

    <p>To assess the patient's pain response to deep breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely outcome if the stone falls out of the cystic duct?

    <p>The symptoms and cholecystitis will eventually subside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cell death that occurs when the gallbladder tissue does not receive enough blood supply?

    <p>Gangrenous cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in serum conjugated bilirubin that occurs when bile backs up into the liver?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that is found in high amounts in the liver and bile ducts, and is released into the blood when bile ducts are damaged?

    <p>Alkaline phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the blockage of the flow of bile from the liver that can occur when a stone is lodged in the common bile duct?

    <p>Bile duct obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the buildup of fat in the liver, which contributes to fatty liver disease?

    <p>Steatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of ethanol metabolism that can react with components of the hepatocyte, causing damage?

    <p>Reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bundles of proteins that are commonly seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in alcoholic hepatitis?

    <p>Mallory bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that is typically elevated in the blood of patients with alcoholic liver disease, along with aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?

    <p>Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the scarring that occurs around the central veins in the liver as a result of alcoholic liver disease?

    <p>Perivenular fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease in platelet count in the blood, which can be seen in patients with alcoholic liver disease?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of increased NADH levels in the liver cells?

    <p>Increased fatty acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes does NOT play a role in the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde?

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic change in the liver's appearance in fatty liver disease?

    <p>It becomes larger and more tender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways involves the enzyme catalase?

    <p>Peroxisomal pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of decreased NAD+ levels in the liver cells?

    <p>Increased fatty acid oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate product of alcohol metabolism in the liver?

    <p>Acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where the liver increases fat storage and decreases fatty acid oxidation?

    <p>Steatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical combination of diagnoses associated with individuals affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

    <p>Any three of the five diagnoses: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperlipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome if nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is left untreated?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

    <p>Decreased fatty acid oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What population is most commonly affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

    <p>Obese individuals, including children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of obese individuals affected by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which unsaturated fatty acids contribute to cell death in steatosis?

    <p>By reacting with reactive oxygen species to form fatty acid radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic histopathological change seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?

    <p>Tangles of intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which liver stellate cells lay down fibrotic tissue in response to chronic steatohepatitis?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical ratio of AST:ALT in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

    <p>Between 1 and 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the elevation of liver enzymes in the blood in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis?

    <p>Hepatocyte damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

    <p>To look for fatty infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic change in the liver's appearance in steatohepatitis?

    <p>It becomes larger and softer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that can occur in advanced steatohepatitis?

    <p>Ascites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of fat content that is considered abnormal in the liver?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of steatosis in the liver?

    <p>Cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of liver damage in viral hepatitis?

    <p>Inflammation caused by the immune system's attack on the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Councilman bodies in the context of viral hepatitis?

    <p>They are damaged liver cells that undergo apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC class 1 molecules in the context of viral hepatitis?

    <p>They help the immune system recognize infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hepatomegaly in patients with viral hepatitis?

    <p>The liver's response to the infection, leading to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do patients with viral hepatitis often experience fever, malaise, and nausea?

    <p>Because the immune system is mounting an attack on the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of elevated transaminase levels in the blood of patients with viral hepatitis?

    <p>It indicates that the liver is damaged and leaking enzymes into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following liver enzymes is typically elevated more in viral hepatitis?

    <p>Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of atypical lymphocytes in viral hepatitis?

    <p>They are larger than normal lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the elevation of conjugated bilirubin in viral hepatitis?

    <p>Damaged bile ductules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of viral hepatitis if symptoms persist for more than 6 months?

    <p>Chronic hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis A virus?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Hepatitis E virus infection in pregnant women?

    <p>It can lead to acute liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis C virus?

    <p>Blood transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of Hepatitis C virus infection?

    <p>Chronic hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which urobilinogen is excreted in the urine in cirrhosis?

    <p>Urobilinogen redirection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus infections?

    <p>Availability of vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the test that detects the levels of viral RNA in the blood, which tells us the levels of virus circulating?

    <p>HCV RNA test using PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of chronic HBV infections in children less than 6 years old?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the marker for active viral replication in HBV infection?

    <p>HBeAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase where neither the HBsAg nor IgG antibodies to the surface antigen can be detected?

    <p>The window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the test that confirms HCV infection, but is less sensitive than enzyme immunoassay?

    <p>Recombinant immunoblot assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IgM antibody response against in HBV infection?

    <p>HBcAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the liver increases fat storage and decreases fatty acid oxidation?

    <p>Steatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for HBV?

    <p>Blood and bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chronic infection that occurs in approximately 20% of HBV cases?

    <p>Chronic HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PCR in HBV diagnosis?

    <p>Detects HBV DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if the host transitions into chronic viral hepatitis?

    <p>The host presents as 'healthy' but is still contagious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the Hepatitis D virus?

    <p>It can only infect if the host also has HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the IgM antibodies by 6 months?

    <p>They are promoted to IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between co-infection and superinfection?

    <p>Co-infection occurs when HBV and HDV infect at the same time, while superinfection occurs when HDV infects later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of immunization?

    <p>To skip the IgM and IgG production process</p> Signup and view all the answers

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