Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a typical symptom of a pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following is a typical symptom of a pulmonary embolism?
- Dry cough, sore throat, and loss of smell.
- New onset of dyspnea, hemoptysis, and pleuritic chest pain. (correct)
- Productive cough with blood-stained sputum, night sweats, and weight loss.
- Gradual onset of dyspnea, pitting edema, and wet cough.
A patient presents with a fever, anorexia, fatigue, night sweats, and a productive cough with blood-stained sputum. These symptoms are most likely indicative of:
A patient presents with a fever, anorexia, fatigue, night sweats, and a productive cough with blood-stained sputum. These symptoms are most likely indicative of:
- Tuberculosis (correct)
- COVID-19
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Heart failure
A patient with a long-term history of smoking presents with a persistent cough and recent weight loss. Which condition is most concerning?
A patient with a long-term history of smoking presents with a persistent cough and recent weight loss. Which condition is most concerning?
- Pulmonary tumor (correct)
- Foreign body aspiration
- Heart failure
- COVID-19
Which of the following is a common early sign of COVID-19?
Which of the following is a common early sign of COVID-19?
Which type of COVID-19 test is used to determine past infection?
Which type of COVID-19 test is used to determine past infection?
Which of the following is a contraindication for azithromycin?
Which of the following is a contraindication for azithromycin?
According to these guidelines, which of the following is NOT a recommended indication for hospitalization of a patient with acute bronchitis?
According to these guidelines, which of the following is NOT a recommended indication for hospitalization of a patient with acute bronchitis?
What specific clinical scenario should prompt a re-evaluation with a chest X-ray in a patient with a respiratory illness?
What specific clinical scenario should prompt a re-evaluation with a chest X-ray in a patient with a respiratory illness?
What is the typical duration of a cough associated with acute bronchitis?
What is the typical duration of a cough associated with acute bronchitis?
What is the most common cause of typical bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
What is the most common cause of typical bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
What is the primary cause of acute bronchitis?
What is the primary cause of acute bronchitis?
What is a common clinical finding upon auscultation in a patient with pneumonia?
What is a common clinical finding upon auscultation in a patient with pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common symptom of acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is a common symptom of acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of pneumonia caused by a gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of pneumonia caused by a gram-positive bacteria?
A patient presents with a persistent cough, normal vital signs, and no evidence of tachypnea. Which condition is most likely?
A patient presents with a persistent cough, normal vital signs, and no evidence of tachypnea. Which condition is most likely?
Which of the following is an atypical cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is an atypical cause of pneumonia?
Which of the following is a less typical symptom of acute bronchitis compared to pneumonia?
Which of the following is a less typical symptom of acute bronchitis compared to pneumonia?
Which bacterial pneumonia is most likely to cause meningitis and sepsis, especially in children?
Which bacterial pneumonia is most likely to cause meningitis and sepsis, especially in children?
Which of these is considered an atypical bacterial cause of bronchitis?
Which of these is considered an atypical bacterial cause of bronchitis?
Which of these conditions is most frequently a preceding symptom to Acute Bronchitis?
Which of these conditions is most frequently a preceding symptom to Acute Bronchitis?
Which of the following patient populations is most susceptible to developing acute bronchitis?
Which of the following patient populations is most susceptible to developing acute bronchitis?
Which of the following physical exam findings is typically associated with acute bronchitis?
Which of the following physical exam findings is typically associated with acute bronchitis?
When is a chest x-ray (CXR) most useful in evaluating acute bronchitis?
When is a chest x-ray (CXR) most useful in evaluating acute bronchitis?
A patient is diagnosed with acute bronchitis and presents with respiratory distress and hypoxemia. Which of the following conditions should be included in the differential?
A patient is diagnosed with acute bronchitis and presents with respiratory distress and hypoxemia. Which of the following conditions should be included in the differential?
Which of the following is NOT a typical treatment for acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is NOT a typical treatment for acute bronchitis?
A patient with acute bronchitis and a known history of asthma presents with wheezing. Which medication is most appropriate?
A patient with acute bronchitis and a known history of asthma presents with wheezing. Which medication is most appropriate?
Which of the following is a criteria for considering Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) instead of Acute Bronchitis?
Which of the following is a criteria for considering Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) instead of Acute Bronchitis?
When should antibiotics be considered in the treatment of acute bronchitis?
When should antibiotics be considered in the treatment of acute bronchitis?
A patient presents with a cough lasting over three weeks. This would not be considered which of the following differential diagnosis?
A patient presents with a cough lasting over three weeks. This would not be considered which of the following differential diagnosis?
What is a common symptom of atypical pneumonia that distinguishes it from typical bacterial pneumonia?
What is a common symptom of atypical pneumonia that distinguishes it from typical bacterial pneumonia?
Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pneumonia?
Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pneumonia?
In a patient with suspected pneumonia, when is a sputum analysis MOST useful?
In a patient with suspected pneumonia, when is a sputum analysis MOST useful?
Which of these findings is more commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia on a chest x-ray, compared to atypical pneumonia?
Which of these findings is more commonly associated with bacterial pneumonia on a chest x-ray, compared to atypical pneumonia?
A patient presents with gradual onset of low-grade fever, headache, fatigue, myalgias, and dry cough. What is the most appropriate initial antibiotic treatment?
A patient presents with gradual onset of low-grade fever, headache, fatigue, myalgias, and dry cough. What is the most appropriate initial antibiotic treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a typical finding for atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a typical finding for atypical pneumonia?
What is the recommended interval between the two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine?
What is the recommended interval between the two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine?
When should blood cultures be obtained for a patient with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
When should blood cultures be obtained for a patient with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
According to the provided information, what is the minimum age for receiving the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine?
According to the provided information, what is the minimum age for receiving the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine?
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature for a pneumonia differential diagnosis?
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature for a pneumonia differential diagnosis?
What is the recommended duration after the second shot (for both 2 shot vaccines) to be considered fully vaccinated?
What is the recommended duration after the second shot (for both 2 shot vaccines) to be considered fully vaccinated?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended first-line treatment for typical pneumonia in healthy patients?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended first-line treatment for typical pneumonia in healthy patients?
What is the typical dosage frequency of clarithromycin when used to treat typical pneumonia?
What is the typical dosage frequency of clarithromycin when used to treat typical pneumonia?
Which of the following is a potential risk reported by the CDC after COVID-19 vaccination?
Which of the following is a potential risk reported by the CDC after COVID-19 vaccination?
According to the provided content, what medication class is typically used to treat atypical pneumonia?
According to the provided content, what medication class is typically used to treat atypical pneumonia?
What diagnostic tool is NOT mentioned to help with the decision about pneumonia hospitalization?
What diagnostic tool is NOT mentioned to help with the decision about pneumonia hospitalization?
A patient presents with shortness of breath that worsens with exertion, pitting edema, and a dry cough. Which of the following conditions is most likely?
A patient presents with shortness of breath that worsens with exertion, pitting edema, and a dry cough. Which of the following conditions is most likely?
A patient presents with a new onset of dyspnea, hemoptysis, and pleuritic chest pain. Vital signs reveal tachycardia and tachypnea. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A patient presents with a new onset of dyspnea, hemoptysis, and pleuritic chest pain. Vital signs reveal tachycardia and tachypnea. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Which of the following types of COVID-19 tests is used to determine if a person has had a past infection?
Which of the following types of COVID-19 tests is used to determine if a person has had a past infection?
A patient with fever, anorexia, fatigue, night sweats, and a productive cough with blood-stained sputum is most likely suffering from which condition?
A patient with fever, anorexia, fatigue, night sweats, and a productive cough with blood-stained sputum is most likely suffering from which condition?
What characterizes the cough associated with acute bronchitis?
What characterizes the cough associated with acute bronchitis?
What is a common clinical feature of atypical pneumonia?
What is a common clinical feature of atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following statements about the incidence of acute bronchitis is true?
Which of the following statements about the incidence of acute bronchitis is true?
What is the typical duration of acute bronchitis cough?
What is the typical duration of acute bronchitis cough?
Which organism is most commonly responsible for atypical pneumonia in the US?
Which organism is most commonly responsible for atypical pneumonia in the US?
Which of the following is NOT a common prodromal symptom of acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is NOT a common prodromal symptom of acute bronchitis?
What is a significant clinical finding that minimizes the likelihood of pneumonia in a patient with respiratory issues?
What is a significant clinical finding that minimizes the likelihood of pneumonia in a patient with respiratory issues?
What best describes the typical chest X-ray findings for bacterial pneumonia?
What best describes the typical chest X-ray findings for bacterial pneumonia?
What is the typical duration for azithromycin when treating atypical pneumonia?
What is the typical duration for azithromycin when treating atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following pathogens is responsible for the majority of acute bronchitis cases?
Which of the following pathogens is responsible for the majority of acute bronchitis cases?
Which symptom is typically associated with acute bronchitis but not with pneumonia?
Which symptom is typically associated with acute bronchitis but not with pneumonia?
Which patient population is at the highest risk for developing atypical pneumonia?
Which patient population is at the highest risk for developing atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common viral cause of acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is a common viral cause of acute bronchitis?
What laboratory finding is typical in patients with atypical pneumonia?
What laboratory finding is typical in patients with atypical pneumonia?
When is sputum analysis most beneficial for patients suspected of having pneumonia?
When is sputum analysis most beneficial for patients suspected of having pneumonia?
What is a typical finding upon physical examination of a patient with acute bronchitis?
What is a typical finding upon physical examination of a patient with acute bronchitis?
What is the main reason to consider a chest X-ray in a patient suspected of having acute bronchitis?
What is the main reason to consider a chest X-ray in a patient suspected of having acute bronchitis?
How long must a cough persist for a diagnosis of acute bronchitis to be considered?
How long must a cough persist for a diagnosis of acute bronchitis to be considered?
Which treatment is specifically indicated for patients with a bacterial infection related to acute bronchitis?
Which treatment is specifically indicated for patients with a bacterial infection related to acute bronchitis?
What does an elevated C-reactive protein level greater than 10 mcg/dl suggest in the context of acute bronchitis?
What does an elevated C-reactive protein level greater than 10 mcg/dl suggest in the context of acute bronchitis?
Which condition should be included in the differential diagnosis if a cough persists for more than 3 weeks?
Which condition should be included in the differential diagnosis if a cough persists for more than 3 weeks?
What supportive treatment is recommended for symptoms of acute bronchitis?
What supportive treatment is recommended for symptoms of acute bronchitis?
What is the significance of the cough and sputum production criteria when diagnosing chronic bronchitis?
What is the significance of the cough and sputum production criteria when diagnosing chronic bronchitis?
Which condition would warrant hospitalization for a patient with pneumonia?
Which condition would warrant hospitalization for a patient with pneumonia?
What is the primary causative agent of typical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
What is the primary causative agent of typical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
Which of the following is generally not required for diagnosing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
Which of the following is generally not required for diagnosing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
Which pneumonia type is characterized by organisms not detectable on Gram stain?
Which pneumonia type is characterized by organisms not detectable on Gram stain?
Which of the following is a classic symptom of bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Which of the following is a classic symptom of bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
What clinical feature is typically associated with pneumonia during auscultation?
What clinical feature is typically associated with pneumonia during auscultation?
In which situation is a reevaluation with a chest X-ray indicated?
In which situation is a reevaluation with a chest X-ray indicated?
What additional health condition increases susceptibility to Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia?
What additional health condition increases susceptibility to Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia?
What is the minimum age requirement for receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine?
What is the minimum age requirement for receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine?
How long after the second shot of the Moderna vaccine is an individual considered fully vaccinated?
How long after the second shot of the Moderna vaccine is an individual considered fully vaccinated?
Which treatment regimen is typically recommended for healthy patients with typical pneumonia who have not used antibiotics recently?
Which treatment regimen is typically recommended for healthy patients with typical pneumonia who have not used antibiotics recently?
What potential risk has the CDC reported in relation to COVID-19 vaccination?
What potential risk has the CDC reported in relation to COVID-19 vaccination?
What is the recommended treatment for atypical pneumonia?
What is the recommended treatment for atypical pneumonia?
For patients aged 60 years with no recent antibiotic use, which of the following is a suitable treatment for typical pneumonia?
For patients aged 60 years with no recent antibiotic use, which of the following is a suitable treatment for typical pneumonia?
What is the spacing between doses for the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine?
What is the spacing between doses for the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine?
What is one of the criteria used to assist in determining the hospitalization of pneumonia patients?
What is one of the criteria used to assist in determining the hospitalization of pneumonia patients?
Which of the following symptoms, if present alongside a dry cough, would be most suggestive of COVID-19 rather than acute bronchitis?
Which of the following symptoms, if present alongside a dry cough, would be most suggestive of COVID-19 rather than acute bronchitis?
A patient presents with a cough, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Which of these additional findings would most strongly suggest a pulmonary embolism, rather than heart failure?
A patient presents with a cough, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Which of these additional findings would most strongly suggest a pulmonary embolism, rather than heart failure?
Which symptom is most indicative of inflammatory lung disease versus a pulmonary tumor in a patient with a chronic cough?
Which symptom is most indicative of inflammatory lung disease versus a pulmonary tumor in a patient with a chronic cough?
A viral test for COVID-19 can be performed using either NAAT or antigen tests, what do these tests measure to diagnose a current infection?
A viral test for COVID-19 can be performed using either NAAT or antigen tests, what do these tests measure to diagnose a current infection?
Which of the following symptoms is LEAST likely to be associated with COVID-19?
Which of the following symptoms is LEAST likely to be associated with COVID-19?
Which of the following is a common sign of consolidation on a physical exam for bacterial pneumonia?
Which of the following is a common sign of consolidation on a physical exam for bacterial pneumonia?
A patient with suspected pneumonia has an oxygen saturation of 91%. Which assessment finding would MOST clearly indicate a need for hospitalization according to the provided text?
A patient with suspected pneumonia has an oxygen saturation of 91%. Which assessment finding would MOST clearly indicate a need for hospitalization according to the provided text?
What is the typical progression of the cough associated with acute bronchitis?
What is the typical progression of the cough associated with acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with acute bronchitis?
A patient with a persistent cough for 4 weeks, who has not responded to symptomatic treatments, should have which of the following?
A patient with a persistent cough for 4 weeks, who has not responded to symptomatic treatments, should have which of the following?
A patient has had a persistent cough for 5 weeks with no other symptoms. According to the guidelines, this would most likely be considered:
A patient has had a persistent cough for 5 weeks with no other symptoms. According to the guidelines, this would most likely be considered:
A patient is diagnosed with pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Which of the following is a characteristic associated with this atypical pneumonia?
A patient is diagnosed with pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Which of the following is a characteristic associated with this atypical pneumonia?
Which of the following is the most common viral cause of acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is the most common viral cause of acute bronchitis?
Which of the following would be considered a contraindication for the use of azithromycin based on the provided information?
Which of the following would be considered a contraindication for the use of azithromycin based on the provided information?
Which of the following is a common clinical presentation of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
Which of the following is a common clinical presentation of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
Which of the following clinical presentations most strongly suggests acute bronchitis rather than pneumonia?
Which of the following clinical presentations most strongly suggests acute bronchitis rather than pneumonia?
Which of the following bacterial pneumonias is MOST likely to be associated with a gram-positive classification and present with green-rust colored sputum?
Which of the following bacterial pneumonias is MOST likely to be associated with a gram-positive classification and present with green-rust colored sputum?
In a patient with suspected acute bronchitis, when might a bacterial cause be considered more likely?
In a patient with suspected acute bronchitis, when might a bacterial cause be considered more likely?
Which of the following signs or symptoms in a patient with acute bronchitis would suggest a need to consider an alternative diagnosis, such as pneumonia?
Which of the following signs or symptoms in a patient with acute bronchitis would suggest a need to consider an alternative diagnosis, such as pneumonia?
Which of the following is NOT a typical prodromal symptom of acute bronchitis?
Which of the following is NOT a typical prodromal symptom of acute bronchitis?
The cough associated with acute bronchitis is most likely to:
The cough associated with acute bronchitis is most likely to:
Which of the following physical exam findings is MOST indicative of pneumonia rather than acute bronchitis?
Which of the following physical exam findings is MOST indicative of pneumonia rather than acute bronchitis?
According to the provided content, what C-reactive protein (CRP) level suggests a higher likelihood of pneumonia?
According to the provided content, what C-reactive protein (CRP) level suggests a higher likelihood of pneumonia?
A patient presents with a cough for 10 days and notes sputum production most days. What is the MOST likely diagnosis, based solely on this information?
A patient presents with a cough for 10 days and notes sputum production most days. What is the MOST likely diagnosis, based solely on this information?
Which of the following is a common initial treatment for acute bronchitis that focuses on symptom management?
Which of the following is a common initial treatment for acute bronchitis that focuses on symptom management?
When should a B2 adrenergic agonist, such as albuterol, be considered in the treatment of acute bronchitis according to the provided material?
When should a B2 adrenergic agonist, such as albuterol, be considered in the treatment of acute bronchitis according to the provided material?
A patient presents with a paroxysmal cough for over 2 weeks. Which of the following conditions should be included in the differential diagnosis?
A patient presents with a paroxysmal cough for over 2 weeks. Which of the following conditions should be included in the differential diagnosis?
A patient with a 5 day history of a productive cough, presents with a fever of 101.5°F, a heart rate of 110 bpm, and a respiratory rate of 26 breaths per minute. What is the next best diagnostic step to take?
A patient with a 5 day history of a productive cough, presents with a fever of 101.5°F, a heart rate of 110 bpm, and a respiratory rate of 26 breaths per minute. What is the next best diagnostic step to take?
In what situation is the use of cough suppressants considered MOST appropriate for a patient with acute bronchitis?
In what situation is the use of cough suppressants considered MOST appropriate for a patient with acute bronchitis?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of atypical pneumonia compared to bacterial pneumonia, that can be seen on a chest x-ray (CXR)?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of atypical pneumonia compared to bacterial pneumonia, that can be seen on a chest x-ray (CXR)?
A patient presents with a gradual onset of low-grade fever, headache, fatigue, myalgias, and a dry cough. Which of the following organisms is MOST likely the cause?
A patient presents with a gradual onset of low-grade fever, headache, fatigue, myalgias, and a dry cough. Which of the following organisms is MOST likely the cause?
Which of the following is the most appropriate first-line antibiotic treatment regimen for a young adult diagnosed with atypical pneumonia, without any comorbidities or immunosuppression?
Which of the following is the most appropriate first-line antibiotic treatment regimen for a young adult diagnosed with atypical pneumonia, without any comorbidities or immunosuppression?
When is a sputum analysis MOST useful in the diagnosis of pneumonia, according to the provided information?
When is a sputum analysis MOST useful in the diagnosis of pneumonia, according to the provided information?
In the context of pneumonia, when are blood cultures most crucial?
In the context of pneumonia, when are blood cultures most crucial?
A patient is diagnosed with pneumonia, and their CXR shows ground glass opacities, bronchial wall thickening, and centrilobular nodules. Additionally, the onset of symptoms was abrupt with high fever, chills, cough, and pleuritic pain. Which type of pneumonia is MOST likely?
A patient is diagnosed with pneumonia, and their CXR shows ground glass opacities, bronchial wall thickening, and centrilobular nodules. Additionally, the onset of symptoms was abrupt with high fever, chills, cough, and pleuritic pain. Which type of pneumonia is MOST likely?
Which of these is a typical finding in atypical pneumonia, that would not typically be seen in bacterial pneumonia?
Which of these is a typical finding in atypical pneumonia, that would not typically be seen in bacterial pneumonia?
What is the gold standard diagnostic test for pneumonia?
What is the gold standard diagnostic test for pneumonia?
According to the provided information, what is the time interval between the two doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine?
According to the provided information, what is the time interval between the two doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine?
How long after receiving the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine is an individual considered fully vaccinated?
How long after receiving the Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccine is an individual considered fully vaccinated?
Which of the following medication regimens is NOT a recommended first-line treatment for typical pneumonia in healthy outpatients without recent antibiotic use?
Which of the following medication regimens is NOT a recommended first-line treatment for typical pneumonia in healthy outpatients without recent antibiotic use?
According to the provided treatment guidelines, which medication is used for the treatment of both typical and atypical pneumonia?
According to the provided treatment guidelines, which medication is used for the treatment of both typical and atypical pneumonia?
According to the information given, what is the minimum age for receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine?
According to the information given, what is the minimum age for receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine?
What is one of the potential risks, reported by the CDC, associated with COVID-19 vaccination?
What is one of the potential risks, reported by the CDC, associated with COVID-19 vaccination?
According to the provided information, how is the severity of pneumonia assessed to determine the need for hospitalization?
According to the provided information, how is the severity of pneumonia assessed to determine the need for hospitalization?
What is the recommended frequency of doxycycline when used to treat typical pneumonia?
What is the recommended frequency of doxycycline when used to treat typical pneumonia?
How can one differ between atypical and typical pneumonia?
How can one differ between atypical and typical pneumonia?
Which patient's CXR result is accurate with atypical pneumonia?
Which patient's CXR result is accurate with atypical pneumonia?
Which patient's CXR is accurate with typical pneumonia?
Which patient's CXR is accurate with typical pneumonia?
Gold standard diagnostic tool for atypical pneumonia
Gold standard diagnostic tool for atypical pneumonia
Treatment for atypical pneumonia
Treatment for atypical pneumonia
An otherwise healthy 40 year old female with no comorbidities, recent antibiotic use, and not as risk for MRSA or r S. pneumoniae should get what treatment for typical pneumonia?
An otherwise healthy 40 year old female with no comorbidities, recent antibiotic use, and not as risk for MRSA or r S. pneumoniae should get what treatment for typical pneumonia?
A 75 year old male with a history of COPD and diabetes but no recent antibiotic use should receive what treatment for typical pneumonia?
A 75 year old male with a history of COPD and diabetes but no recent antibiotic use should receive what treatment for typical pneumonia?
What type of medication should be avoided in pneumonia treatment due to thick secretions and the cough reflex?
What type of medication should be avoided in pneumonia treatment due to thick secretions and the cough reflex?
What can be used at night for more restorative sleep in patients with pneumonia?
What can be used at night for more restorative sleep in patients with pneumonia?
Flashcards
Acute Bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis
A self-limited viral inflammation of the bronchi, characterized by a cough lasting 1 to 3 weeks.
Symptoms of Acute Bronchitis
Symptoms of Acute Bronchitis
Persistent cough, low-grade fever, headache, wheezing, sore throat, and malaise without high fever.
Duration of Cough
Duration of Cough
Cough must last at least 5 days for it to be classified as acute bronchitis but resolves within 3 weeks.
Viral Causes
Viral Causes
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Bacterial Causes
Bacterial Causes
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Incidence in Older Adults
Incidence in Older Adults
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Fever in Acute Bronchitis
Fever in Acute Bronchitis
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Differentiating Signs
Differentiating Signs
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Acute Bronchitis Diagnosis
Acute Bronchitis Diagnosis
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Lung Examination Findings
Lung Examination Findings
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Bacterial vs. Viral Fever
Bacterial vs. Viral Fever
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CXR Utility
CXR Utility
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Cough Duration & Differential
Cough Duration & Differential
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C-reactive Protein (CRP) Level
C-reactive Protein (CRP) Level
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Supportive Treatment
Supportive Treatment
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Antibiotics Use
Antibiotics Use
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Pulmonary Embolus
Pulmonary Embolus
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Heart Failure Symptoms
Heart Failure Symptoms
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COVID-19 Symptoms
COVID-19 Symptoms
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COVID-19 Pneumonia
COVID-19 Pneumonia
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Types of COVID-19 Tests
Types of COVID-19 Tests
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Typical Pneumonia Symptoms
Typical Pneumonia Symptoms
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Bronchopneumonia CXR Findings
Bronchopneumonia CXR Findings
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Atypical Pneumonia Causes
Atypical Pneumonia Causes
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Atypical Pneumonia Symptoms
Atypical Pneumonia Symptoms
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Atypical Pneumonia Physical Exam
Atypical Pneumonia Physical Exam
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Atypical Pneumonia Diagnostics
Atypical Pneumonia Diagnostics
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Pneumonia CXR Findings
Pneumonia CXR Findings
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Pneumonia Treatment Options
Pneumonia Treatment Options
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Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine
Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine
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Moderna Vaccine
Moderna Vaccine
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Johnson & Johnson Vaccine
Johnson & Johnson Vaccine
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Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Myocarditis and Pericarditis
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Combination Therapy for Pneumonia
Combination Therapy for Pneumonia
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Atypical Pneumonia Treatment
Atypical Pneumonia Treatment
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CURB-65 Criteria
CURB-65 Criteria
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Pneumonia Severity Index
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Azithromycin Contraindications
Azithromycin Contraindications
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Acute Bronchitis Treatment
Acute Bronchitis Treatment
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Hospitalization Criteria
Hospitalization Criteria
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Pneumonia Statistics
Pneumonia Statistics
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Typical vs Atypical Pneumonia
Typical vs Atypical Pneumonia
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CAP Diagnosis
CAP Diagnosis
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Clinical Manifestations of CAP
Clinical Manifestations of CAP
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Leading Causes of CAP
Leading Causes of CAP
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Definition of Acute Bronchitis
Definition of Acute Bronchitis
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Common Symptoms
Common Symptoms
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Main Causes
Main Causes
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Cough Duration for Diagnosis
Cough Duration for Diagnosis
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Fever Indication
Fever Indication
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Signs of Acute Bronchitis
Signs of Acute Bronchitis
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Incidence Factors
Incidence Factors
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Chronic vs Acute
Chronic vs Acute
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Signs of Pneumonia
Signs of Pneumonia
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Typical Pneumonia Bacteria
Typical Pneumonia Bacteria
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Atypical Pneumonia Organisms
Atypical Pneumonia Organisms
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Hospitalization Criteria for Pneumonia
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Pneumonia in Children
Pneumonia in Children
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Pneumonia Clinical Exam Findings
Pneumonia Clinical Exam Findings
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Pneumonia Risk Factors
Pneumonia Risk Factors
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CXR Findings in Pneumonia
CXR Findings in Pneumonia
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Acute Bronchitis Diagnosis Criteria
Acute Bronchitis Diagnosis Criteria
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CXR Indications
CXR Indications
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Chronic Bronchitis Conditions
Chronic Bronchitis Conditions
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C-reactive Protein (CRP) Significance
C-reactive Protein (CRP) Significance
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Supportive Care for Acute Bronchitis
Supportive Care for Acute Bronchitis
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Antibiotics in Acute Bronchitis
Antibiotics in Acute Bronchitis
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Signs of Bacterial Infection
Signs of Bacterial Infection
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Treatment for Wheezing
Treatment for Wheezing
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Pulmonary Embolus Symptoms
Pulmonary Embolus Symptoms
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Heart Failure Signs
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Tuberculosis Symptoms
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COVID-19 Early Symptoms
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COVID-19 Pneumonia Effects
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Symptoms of Atypical Pneumonia
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Atypical Pneumonia Risk Groups
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Atypical Pneumonia Physical Exam Findings
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CXR Findings in Atypical Pneumonia
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Gold Diagnostic for Atypical Pneumonia
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Pneumonia Diagnosis Using CXR
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Typical vs Atypical Pneumonia Causes
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Treatment for Atypical Pneumonia
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Signs and Symptoms of Acute Bronchitis
Signs and Symptoms of Acute Bronchitis
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Common Prodromal Symptoms
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Cough Characteristics
Cough Characteristics
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High-Grade Fever in Acute Bronchitis
High-Grade Fever in Acute Bronchitis
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Cough Duration for Acute Bronchitis
Cough Duration for Acute Bronchitis
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Acute vs Chronic Bronchitis
Acute vs Chronic Bronchitis
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Incidence Factors of Acute Bronchitis
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Resolution Timeline of Acute Bronchitis
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Signs of Tuberculosis
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COVID-19 Testing Types
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Contraindications for Azithromycin
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Pneumonia Morbidity
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Symptoms of CAP
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Need for Hospitalization
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Bacterial Pneumonia Signs
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Criteria for Reevaluation
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Atypical Pneumonia Characteristics
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Atypical Pneumonia Common Causes
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Risk Groups for Atypical Pneumonia
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Gold Standard for Atypical Pneumonia Diagnosis
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CXR Utility in Diagnosing Pneumonia
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Treatment Options for Atypical Pneumonia
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Myocarditis and Pericarditis Risks
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Acute Bronchitis Physical Exam
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CXR in Acute Bronchitis
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Differential Diagnosis
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C-reactive Protein Significance
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Symptoms Indicating Bacterial Infections
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Study Notes
Acute Bronchitis
- Acute bronchitis is a viral inflammation of the trachea and major bronchi, typically lasting 1-3 weeks.
- It starts as an upper respiratory infection (URI).
- It often resolves without pneumonia.
- Common causes include influenza A and B viruses, rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, RSV, parainfluenza and human metapneumovirus.
- Bacterial causes are less common (5-10%), with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae being most prevalent.
- Atypical causes include Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. pertussis.
- Patients often present with a cough lasting at least 5 days. A cough that persists for more than 2 months is considered chronic.
- Increased incidence is noted in smokers.
- Most common in patients >50 years old.
- Viral causes account for approximately 90% of cases.
Clinical Presentation
- Cough (often dry initially, becoming productive as the illness evolves), impacting sleep.
- Headaches.
- Wheezing (possible).
- Common symptoms include runny nose, sore throat, general malaise, and low-grade fever.
- High-grade fever is unusual and suggests another underlying condition.
- Normal vital signs are usually present.
- Light-colored sputum production is common.
Physical Examination
- No lung consolidation or abnormalities.
- Clear breath sounds.
- Resonance to percussion is normal.
- Possibly upper airway rhonchi (coarse rales) noticeable while coughing.
- Temperature: afebrile or only low-grade (viral); elevated (possible bacterial).
Diagnostic Considerations
- Usually no labs are necessary.
- Chest X-ray is indicated only if the diagnosis isn't clear or another condition is suspected.
- CXR may show pneumonia or other conditions, but it's not routinely used for acute bronchitis.
- Specific tests are usually taken when investigating possibility of CAP (community-acquired pneumonia). These tests are indicated when fever, tachycardia, or tachypnea are present.
- Elevated CRP (>10 mcg/dl) may indicate the likelihood of pneumonia.
Differential Diagnosis
- Consider acute bronchitis if the cough lasts more than 7 days, but less than 3 weeks.
- Acute bronchitis is a cough that lasts most days of the month for 3 consecutive months or more.
- Other possible diagnoses include asthma, upper respiratory infection (URI), other respiratory infections (such as sinusitis), bronchiectasis, and chronic cough.
- Other conditions to consider include asthma, bronchiolitis, sinusitis, COPD, GERD, HF, pertussis, viral pharyngitis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, if the cough lasts longer than 3 weeks.
- Asthma, bronchiolitis, sinusitis, COPD, GERD, HF, pertussis, viral pharyngitis, pneumonia, PE are other possible diagnoses if the cough lasts longer than 3 weeks.
Treatment
- Supportive care: humidifiers, rest, increased fluids, fever reducers.
- Antipyretics (like Tylenol) for fever and pain.
- Cough suppressants are used cautiously.
- Antibiotics are typically not required unless a bacterial cause is determined.
- Antibiotic therapy is reserved for bacterial cause and only in specific cases (such as pertussis , uncompensated HF).
- Hospitalization is considered in cases of severe symptoms, such as progressive dyspnea, oxygen saturation < 90% or sepsis.
- Patients who don't respond to treatment within 3 weeks should undergo a chest X-ray. This should be considered if symptoms persist despite appropriate treatment.
Pneumonia:
- Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults and children under five years old.
- Classifications of pneumonia are based on typical or atypical causes.
- Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is typically caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (60-70% of bacterial cases).
- Atypical causes include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella species, and respiratory viruses.
Pneumonia Clinical Presentation
- Often presents with fever, chills, malaise, and cough (often with sputum).
- Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) may occur.
- Shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain may be noted.
- Auscultation can reveal crackles/rales that do not clear with coughing.
- Physical signs include consolidation with dullness to percussion, and bronchial breath sounds.
- CXR can show focal infiltrates, a characteristic sign of pneumonia.
Pneumonia Patient Education
- Provide guidelines regarding antibiotic use and possible side effects.
- Follow-up in 24-48 hours following treatment initiation. (by phone or in person)
- Encourage drinking sufficient fluids.
- Avoid use of cough medicine if it prevents expectoration.
- Patients at risk should receive yearly vaccines against pneumonia and influenza.
- Practicing respiratory hygiene (hand sanitizer, masks, social distancing), daily exercise, and following a healthy diet are all important prevention.
- Those with COVID should receive supplemental precautions.
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