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Questions and Answers
What does internalization refer to?
Which of the following best describes higher mental processes?
What is the main purpose of languaging?
What does mediation refer to in psychological terms?
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Which term describes the repetition of observable behaviors as a method of learning?
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Which of the following best captures the essence of intersubjectivity?
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What are mediational means?
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What characterizes intramental processes?
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What does the term 'agency' refer to in the context of actions and motivations?
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In Activity Theory, what are the three main components proposed by Leont'ev?
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What is meant by the term 'affordance' in relation to an environment?
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How does Vygotsky propose to view affect and cognition?
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What purpose does collaborative dialogue serve in the process of knowledge building?
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What does the term 'activity' refer to in this context?
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Which of the following best defines 'artifact' as described in the context?
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What is a community of practice (COP)?
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What defines complexes according to Vygotsky's framework?
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Under what conditions do operations become conscious actions?
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Which statement best describes dynamic assessment?
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What role does dialectic play in learning according to the content?
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How are everyday concepts characterized in contrast to scientific concepts?
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What is the main feature of French Immersion in Canadian schools?
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What does genese refer to in the provided context?
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What is often used interchangeably with the term 'goal'?
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What does the term 'microgenesis' refer to?
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How does 'regulation' progress developmentally in individuals?
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What is the purpose of 'scaffolding' in the context of learning?
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What does 'private speech' primarily function as?
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Which statement best describes the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD)?
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What are 'scientific concepts' primarily used for?
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What does the term 'operations' refer to in the psychological context?
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Which of the following correctly defines an 'object' in this context?
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Study Notes
Action
- Physical and cognitive manifestations to satisfy psychological and physical needs
- Actions can be directed towards the same goal, or the same action can target different goals
- Context and history influence actions
Activity
- Sets of actions motivated by socially or culturally constructed goals
Activity theory
- Articulated by Leont’ev to explain Vygotsky's concepts
- Three parts: activity/motive, action/goal, and conditions/operations
- Connects interactions between individuals and society
Affect/Cognition
- Affect: emotions and feelings
- Cognition: thought and knowledge
- Vygotsky emphasized their unity
Affordance
- An opportunity presented by the environment for action
- Environment offers opportunities for language learning
- Utilization depends on individual goals and perceived usefulness
Agency
- All individuals are agentive (act according to motives and goals)
- Constraints and affordances influence individual actions
- Cultural variations in affordances and constraints
Agent/Subject
- The individual performing an action
- Terms are synonymous
Artifact
- Material or symbolic object created by humans
- Examples: pencils, books, graphs, language
- Artifacts can become tools for mediation
Assessment
- Process of evaluation
- Focuses on measuring individual knowledge and skills
- Can target individuals, groups, institutions, or educational systems
- Types: formative or summative, quantitative or qualitative, process or product oriented
Collaborative dialogue
- Dialogue that builds knowledge
- Involves at least two individuals co-constructing knowledge
Community of practice (COP)
- Social theory where individuals gain access to a group through participation
- Individuals adopt (or not) practices, behaviors, and beliefs of the central members
- Language is a key entry point or barrier
Complexes
- Vygotsky organized development of concepts along a continuum
- More stable than heaps but less stable than scientific concepts
- Categories based on concrete physical experiences
Conditions/Operations
- Physical or mental setting for actions
- Actions are unconscious routines (operations) under specific conditions
- Unconscious operations can become conscious actions with changing conditions
Dialectic
- Tension between two or more phenomena (e.g., social and individual)
- Dialectics may persist without resolution
- Creates a space for creativity and debate
Dynamic assessment
- Process-oriented assessment with expert mediation and cues
- Helps predict future performance by observing individual progress with assistance
- Contrasts with assessments measuring past learning outcomes
Everyday/Spontaneous concepts & Scientific concepts
- Everyday concepts: Developed through experiences, limited system, applied unconsciously
- Scientific concepts: Systematic principles, consciously applied to diverse phenomena
French immersion
- Intensive French language learning program in Canadian schools
- Offers a more immersive experience compared to "Core French" programs
Genesis
- Process of becoming and changing
- Refers to an individual's or phenomenon's history
Goal
- Desired result an individual consciously attempts to achieve
- Interchangeable with 'object', but focuses on intended outcome
Higher mental processes
- Consciousness, cognitive, and emotional processes under individual control
- Examples: intentional memory, attention, planning
- Social origin of all higher mental processes
Imitation
- Conscious and goal-oriented repetition of observed behaviors
- Mechanism for internalizing learning and development
Intermental (interpsychological) processes
- Processes occurring between individuals
Internalization
- Transformation of a social process into a psychological process
- Intermental becomes intramental
- Appropriation of mediational means for self-regulation
Intersubjectivity
- Assumption of shared understanding and connection
- Individuals engaged in thinking, talking, or writing about a subject
- Joint attention, not necessarily agreement
Intramental (intrapsychological) processes
- Processes occurring within a single individual
Language play
- Unrehearsed, deliberate manipulation of language forms and meanings
- Examples: puns, rhymes, jokes
Languaging
- Process of making meaning and shaping knowledge through language
- Organizes and controls mental processes during complex tasks
Mediation (material and symbolic)
- Human behavior organized and controlled by material (concrete) and symbolic (semiotic) artifacts
- Connects the social and individual
Mediational means (tools, signs/symbols, artifacts)
- Material and symbolic tools organizing or regulating behavior
- Material tools (e.g., hammer) change environment
- Symbolic tools (e.g., language) change psychological selves and others
- Culturally constructed
Microgenesis/Genesis
- Formation and unfolding of a psychological process
- Example: internalization of word meaning in a specific context
Object
- Problem or purpose targeted by activities
- Interchangeable with 'goal', but focuses on the purpose of the activity
Ontogenesis/Genesis
- Development of an individual over their lifespan
- Emphasis on internalizing mediational means over a lifetime
Operations/Conditions
- Automatized or unconscious routines performed by an individual
Perezhivanie
- Russian term for experience lived through emotions
Private speech (self-directed speech; speech for the self; self-talk; intrapersonal communications)
- Speech with social (intermental) origin but psychological (intramental) function
- Used by individuals to mediate their own behavior
Regulation (object; other; self)
- Human behavior controlled (mediated) by objects, people, and the self
- Developmental progression: object regulation, other regulation, self-regulation
- Regression to other or object regulation in complex environments
Rules
- Socially agreed upon set of behavioral guidelines in actions or activities
- May be implicit or explicit
Scaffolding
- Metaphor from engineering/construction representing support provided to learners
- Support is removed as learners become independent
- Linked to the zone of proximal development (ZPD)
- Effective scaffolding is contingent upon responsiveness and gradual removal
Scientific concepts/Everyday concepts
- Systematic principles consciously applied to understanding diverse phenomena
Tests (psychometric, traditional)
- Developed to measure language skills and knowledge using psychometric principles
- Example: multiple-choice tests
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
- Interaction where, through mediation, an individual achieves more than they could independently
- Learning drives development within the ZPD
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts of activity theory as articulated by Leont’ev, emphasizing the connection between actions, motives, and societal influences. Additionally, it examines the nuanced relationship between affect and cognition, as well as the role of the environment in shaping opportunities for action. Understand how agency operates within these frameworks to enhance your comprehension of psychological processes.