Routine Activity Theory Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main components that come together to provide opportunity for crime according to routine activity theory?

Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardianship

Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of guardianship (correct)

Unmotivated offenders, unsuitable targets, and presence of guardianship

Motivated offenders, random targets, and technological safeguards

Which term is used to describe targets that are easy for an offender to steal due to their characteristics?

PREYRICH

VULNERABLE

ACCESSIBLE

CRAVED (correct)

Which of the following best describes the 'tempo' facet of time dimension in crime analysis?

The frequency of crime occurrences in a given time frame (correct)

The schedule of criminal activities across different regions

The time elapsed since the last criminal event

The duration of time criminals plan their offenses

What criticism of routine activity theory relates to the offender's motivations?

It overly simplifies the motivations of different offenders. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of routine activity theory, which factor increases the likelihood of crime occurring?

High accessibility of valuable items Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the individual responsibility perspective?

Personal accountability for behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective views crime primarily as a result of social problems?

Social responsibility perspective Signup and view all the answers

According to the consensus perspective, what is essential for laws to be enacted?

Universal agreement on values Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the pluralist perspective emphasize regarding laws?

Diversity of beliefs and values Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the conflict perspective highlight about societal dynamics?

Power struggles and their implications Signup and view all the answers

Which definition best describes criminal behaviour?

Activities violating criminal law, intentional or negligent Signup and view all the answers

The principle of equality under the law, according to the consensus perspective, means what?

All individuals are judged by the same standards Signup and view all the answers

How is criminality defined in the context of criminal justice?

A behavioural predisposition favoring criminal activity Signup and view all the answers

Which somatotype is characterized as big boned and muscular, often associated with criminogenic behavior?

Mesomorphs Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of newer biological theories in explaining criminal behavior?

They fail to predict criminality accurately. Signup and view all the answers

What significant forensic development occurred in 1986?

The first application of DNA profiling in criminal investigations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a mala in se crime?

Rape Signup and view all the answers

What did the Twelve Tables of early Roman law primarily regulate?

Family, religious, and economic life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes 'mores' in sociological terms?

Very serious violations of a group's values. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Code of Hammurabi?

Retribution and justice for crimes committed. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of offenses are categorized as primary designated offenses in the context of the National DNA Databank?

Most serious and violent offenses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of criminals in organized slums?

They establish generational networks. Signup and view all the answers

What role does violence play in the conflict subculture?

It provides status among peers. Signup and view all the answers

In the retreatist subculture, what is the primary condition described?

Double failure and subsequent coping. Signup and view all the answers

According to social process theories, how is crime viewed?

As a learned behavior through interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect has the greatest influence on the likelihood of an individual becoming criminal, according to differential association?

The presence of favorable definitions of law. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the learning process in differential association?

Intimate personal groups play a crucial role. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of evidence-based criminology?

Rigorous social scientific techniques and experimental methods Signup and view all the answers

What influences the intensity of criminal behavior according to the principles of differential association?

The frequency and duration of exposure to criminal ideas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the nine propositions of differential association?

Motives and drives are innate in individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines qualitative methods in research?

Techniques that produce subjective results Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of primary research?

It involves original and direct investigation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'variable' refer to in research?

A concept that can experience measurable changes Signup and view all the answers

Which design is deemed worthy of use when better experimental designs are not feasible?

Quasi-experimental design Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a case study in research?

To investigate individual cases in depth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary obstacle to evaluation research?

Ideology and intuition Signup and view all the answers

What does 'verstehen' signify in the context of criminological research?

Understanding through immersive experience Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes integrated theory in criminology?

An explanatory perspective combining ideas from various sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethical requirement ensuring participants are aware of their role in research called?

Informed consent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of labeling theory?

The contextual meaning attached to acts Signup and view all the answers

Who typically engages in formal labeling?

Police and legal authorities Signup and view all the answers

What does status degradation achieve?

To shame individuals for violating norms Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'master status' refer to?

A status that overrides all others Signup and view all the answers

What is primary deviance characterized by?

Initial rule violations without strong reaction Signup and view all the answers

What can a self-fulfilling prophecy lead to in labeling theory?

Internalization of the deviant label Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stigma is associated with characteristics such as dishonesty?

Stigma of character traits Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary deviance from primary deviance?

Severe and continuous response from society Signup and view all the answers

What role does a moral entrepreneur play in labeling theory?

To create laws based on moral norms Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of being labeled deviant?

Gossip, avoidance, and discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Criminology Notes - Chapter One

Criminology is the scientific study of criminal behavior and social science
It became a discipline in the mid-20th century in Canada
Prior to the 1800s, there was a belief that criminal behavior was due to demonic possession
Criminals are not necessarily different (e.g., murderers, rapists)
Common sense and media interpretations contribute to opinions
Better-looking individuals are less likely to be judged guilty of crimes
Hagan's Pyramid (1991):
- Consensus crimes: acts that are widely viewed as morally wrong (e.g., murder, assault, damaging property)
- Conflict crimes: acts that some people think are crimes but others don't (e.g., slavery)

Criminology Notes - Defining Crime and Deviance

Defining crime and deviance is relative, varying across cultures and time periods
Cultural and historical contexts shape interpretations of crime and deviance.
Contextual perceptions vary based on circumstances.
Gender also plays a role in how crime is interpreted and enforced.

Criminology Notes - Definitions of Crime

Criminal codes, laws and definitions change over time and are not always consistent
Legal statutes define crimes in Canada, with procedures and sentencing.
The core elements of a crime include actus reus (physical act) and mens rea (mental state or intent).
Two forms of law exist: civil and criminal.

Criminology Notes - Incomplete Crimes

Criminal attempt (inchoate offences) are considered an act or an attempted act that has not been fully completed.
Criminal responsibility is the individual's responsibility.
Social issues, such as social problems, can be associated with crime.

Criminology Notes - Classical and Biological Theories

Crime is understood as a consequence of social factors and individual characteristics, in terms of rational choice, and the need for punishment/deterrence.
Crime comes from poor parenting, and social factors.
Individuals have free will and responsibility for their actions.
Classical theory, or theories, are about rational choice, and individual responsible for acts.

Criminology Notes - Labeling Theory

Criminal behavior is a social construct, not an inherent trait.
Social labelling and status degradation affect responses to crimes.

Social process theories focus on the factors in a person's life that can influence the development of criminal behaviour.
These theories concentrate on how people learn through interactions, and social processes
Examples include differential association and control theories.

Social structure theories focus on community-level problems like lack of social organization to explain crime rates.
Strain theories focus on the discrepancy between societal goals and acceptable/legitimate means of achieving those goals
Subcultural theories focus on how societies have divergent norms and values; some subcultures encourage criminal behaviour

Criminology Notes - Conflict Theories

Conflict theories focus on power imbalances and how groups with more power define crime to serve their own interests rather than those of society.
Marxist theories focus on the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes, to establish systems of power and inequalities
Feminist theories focus on the conflict based on gender

Criminology Notes - Victimization

Victimization is about suffering by those indirectly impacted by crime, and direct and indirect effects.
This can result in feelings of fear, hostility, and avoidance.

Criminology Notes - Restorative Justice

Restorative justice aims to repair harm caused by crime.
It involves bringing together victims, offenders, and community members to address the consequences of crime.

Criminology Notes - Measuring Crime

Official statistics (UCR, Uniform Crime Reporting): data systematically collected by police.
Self-report surveys: people report their own criminal behaviours; vulnerable to accuracy and honesty

Criminology Notes - Crime Prevention

Deterrence, nurturance, avoidance and environmental changes can help reduce crime
Situational approaches concentrate on reducing crime opportunities by making it more difficult to commit crimes.
Broken window approaches focus on improving public order to reduce crime through improved maintenance and cleanliness.

Criminology Notes - Crime and Technology

Crime associated with technology: e.g, cybercrime, identity theft, etc.
Technology changes the way crime and punishment is enforced.

Criminology Notes - Cultural Conflict

Culture can affect the understanding, recording and enforcement of crime.
The values and beliefs of specific groups/cultures make a difference on who gets labeled as criminals.

Criminology Notes - Contemporary Criminology

Globalization makes some crimes more likely in the modern world
Organized crime: crime committed by groups and associations to gain income or power.

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Description

Test your understanding of Routine Activity Theory with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as crime opportunity components, target characteristics, and criticisms of the theory. This short quiz will challenge your knowledge in crime analysis and its dimensions.