Routine Activity Theory Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the three main components that come together to provide opportunity for crime according to routine activity theory?

  • Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardianship
  • Motivated offenders, suitable targets, and lack of guardianship (correct)
  • Unmotivated offenders, unsuitable targets, and presence of guardianship
  • Motivated offenders, random targets, and technological safeguards

Which term is used to describe targets that are easy for an offender to steal due to their characteristics?

  • PREYRICH
  • VULNERABLE
  • ACCESSIBLE
  • CRAVED (correct)

Which of the following best describes the 'tempo' facet of time dimension in crime analysis?

  • The frequency of crime occurrences in a given time frame (correct)
  • The schedule of criminal activities across different regions
  • The time elapsed since the last criminal event
  • The duration of time criminals plan their offenses

What criticism of routine activity theory relates to the offender's motivations?

<p>It overly simplifies the motivations of different offenders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of routine activity theory, which factor increases the likelihood of crime occurring?

<p>High accessibility of valuable items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the individual responsibility perspective?

<p>Personal accountability for behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective views crime primarily as a result of social problems?

<p>Social responsibility perspective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the consensus perspective, what is essential for laws to be enacted?

<p>Universal agreement on values (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the pluralist perspective emphasize regarding laws?

<p>Diversity of beliefs and values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the conflict perspective highlight about societal dynamics?

<p>Power struggles and their implications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition best describes criminal behaviour?

<p>Activities violating criminal law, intentional or negligent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of equality under the law, according to the consensus perspective, means what?

<p>All individuals are judged by the same standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is criminality defined in the context of criminal justice?

<p>A behavioural predisposition favoring criminal activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which somatotype is characterized as big boned and muscular, often associated with criminogenic behavior?

<p>Mesomorphs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of newer biological theories in explaining criminal behavior?

<p>They fail to predict criminality accurately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant forensic development occurred in 1986?

<p>The first application of DNA profiling in criminal investigations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a mala in se crime?

<p>Rape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Twelve Tables of early Roman law primarily regulate?

<p>Family, religious, and economic life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes 'mores' in sociological terms?

<p>Very serious violations of a group's values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Code of Hammurabi?

<p>Retribution and justice for crimes committed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of offenses are categorized as primary designated offenses in the context of the National DNA Databank?

<p>Most serious and violent offenses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of criminals in organized slums?

<p>They establish generational networks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does violence play in the conflict subculture?

<p>It provides status among peers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the retreatist subculture, what is the primary condition described?

<p>Double failure and subsequent coping. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to social process theories, how is crime viewed?

<p>As a learned behavior through interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect has the greatest influence on the likelihood of an individual becoming criminal, according to differential association?

<p>The presence of favorable definitions of law. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the learning process in differential association?

<p>Intimate personal groups play a crucial role. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of evidence-based criminology?

<p>Rigorous social scientific techniques and experimental methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the intensity of criminal behavior according to the principles of differential association?

<p>The frequency and duration of exposure to criminal ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the nine propositions of differential association?

<p>Motives and drives are innate in individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines qualitative methods in research?

<p>Techniques that produce subjective results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of primary research?

<p>It involves original and direct investigation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'variable' refer to in research?

<p>A concept that can experience measurable changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design is deemed worthy of use when better experimental designs are not feasible?

<p>Quasi-experimental design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a case study in research?

<p>To investigate individual cases in depth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary obstacle to evaluation research?

<p>Ideology and intuition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'verstehen' signify in the context of criminological research?

<p>Understanding through immersive experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes integrated theory in criminology?

<p>An explanatory perspective combining ideas from various sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethical requirement ensuring participants are aware of their role in research called?

<p>Informed consent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of labeling theory?

<p>The contextual meaning attached to acts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who typically engages in formal labeling?

<p>Police and legal authorities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does status degradation achieve?

<p>To shame individuals for violating norms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'master status' refer to?

<p>A status that overrides all others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primary deviance characterized by?

<p>Initial rule violations without strong reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can a self-fulfilling prophecy lead to in labeling theory?

<p>Internalization of the deviant label (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stigma is associated with characteristics such as dishonesty?

<p>Stigma of character traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary deviance from primary deviance?

<p>Severe and continuous response from society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a moral entrepreneur play in labeling theory?

<p>To create laws based on moral norms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of being labeled deviant?

<p>Gossip, avoidance, and discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Attempt

When someone intends to commit a crime and takes steps toward it, even if the crime isn't completed.

Individual Responsibility

This view emphasizes that individuals are responsible for their own actions, including criminal ones.

Social Responsibility

This view suggests that social problems contribute to crime, and societal changes are needed to address it.

Consensus Perspective

This theory believes most people agree on what's right and wrong, and laws reflect these shared values.

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Pluralist Perspective

This view acknowledges that different groups in society have different values, but sees laws as a way to resolve disputes.

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Conflict Perspective

This theory argues that conflict is inherent in society, and powerful groups maintain their position through law.

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Criminal Justice

The study of crime, laws, and the entire justice system, including police, courts, and prisons.

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Criminality

A tendency to engage in criminal activity more often than others.

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Theoretical Criminology

A field that focuses on explaining why people commit crimes using different theories.

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Theory

A set of ideas that explains a phenomenon, often through propositions that describe relationships between events or things.

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Unicausal

Having only one cause.

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Integrated Theory

A theory that combines concepts from different sources to provide a more comprehensive explanation.

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Evidence-Based Criminology

A scientific approach that uses rigorous techniques, especially experiments, to test the effectiveness of crime prevention strategies.

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Research

A systematic process of gathering and analyzing information to gain new knowledge.

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Variable

A factor that can change or vary in amount or value during a study.

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Confounding Effects

Other factors that could potentially explain the results of a study, making it hard to isolate the real cause.

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Controlled Experiment

A research where a controlled group is compared to a group that receives a specific intervention, so the effect of the intervention can be isolated.

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Somatotypes

A classification system that categorizes individuals based on body type and personality traits.

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Mesomorph

A body type characterized by a muscular, athletic build.

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Endomorph

A body type characterized by a round, soft, and fleshy build.

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Ectomorph

A body type characterized by a thin, lean, and bony build.

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Mala in se

Acts that are inherently wrong or evil, regardless of the specific time or place.

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Mala prohibita

Acts that are wrong because they are prohibited by law or societal rules.

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Code of Hammurabi

An ancient Babylonian law code emphasizing retribution and attempting to limit cruelty.

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Twelve Tables

Roman laws established around 450 BCE that regulated various aspects of Roman life.

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Routine Activity Theory

This theory suggests that crime happens when motivated offenders, suitable targets, and a lack of capable guardians converge in time and space.

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Motivated Offender

An individual who is willing and able to commit crime, often driven by factors like financial need, thrill-seeking, or a desire for power.

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Suitable Target

Something or someone valuable, visible, accessible, and easy to take, making them attractive to criminals.

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Capable Guardian

A person or technology that prevents crime by deterring offenders, monitoring targets, or responding to crime.

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CRAVED

A mnemonic for characteristics making a target highly suitable for crime - Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, Disposable.

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Organized Slums

Areas where criminal networks establish themselves, operating across generations. These groups teach criminal techniques and skills while emphasizing evasion of detection. Notable examples include Mafia and motorcycle gangs.

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Conflict Subculture

A subculture where violence and fighting are central for achieving status. Individuals lack access to legitimate opportunities and resort to violence to establish dominance.

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Retreatist Subculture

A subculture characterized by double failure: individuals fail to achieve success in both legitimate and illegitimate means. They cope with their situation through substance abuse and withdrawal from society.

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Social Process Theories

Theories that explain crime as a learned behavior rooted in social interactions and socialization. They assume that everyone possesses the potential to engage in criminal activity, with crime primarily learned through interactions with others.

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Differential Association

A theory that suggests criminal behavior is learned through interactions with individuals and groups who hold pro-criminal attitudes and values. Strong ties with criminal groups increase the likelihood of engaging in crime.

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Pro-Criminal Traditions

Cultural practices and values within certain groups that encourage and normalize criminal behavior. These traditions can be passed down through generations and influence the likelihood of engaging in crime.

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Definitions of Legal Codes

Individuals learn to view legal codes (laws) as favorable or unfavorable based on their associations. If a group primarily holds negative views of the law, an individual is more susceptible to criminal behavior.

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Excess Definitions Favourable to Violation of Law

The core principle of differential association theory: if individuals associate with more people who hold pro-criminal attitudes and values, they become more likely to engage in crime.

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Labelling Theory

A theory that explains how social labels and reactions can influence a person's behavior and identity. People who are labeled as deviant or criminal may internalize that label and engage in more deviant behavior.

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Formal Labelling

Labelling by official authorities like police, courts, or doctors, usually leading to more severe consequences.

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Informal Labelling

Labelling by family, friends, or community members, typically leading to milder consequences.

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Status Degradation

A process that lowers a person's social standing through public shaming and denouncement. This can be used to discourage people from breaking norms or laws.

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Moral Entrepreneur

A person with power who promotes and enforces moral norms, often turning them into laws.

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Deviant Career

A sequence of roles and statuses that a person adopts over time as they become more involved in deviant or criminal activities.

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Master Status

A dominant social label that overshadows other characteristics and influences how people are perceived and treated.

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Primary Deviance

Initial rule-breaking or norm-violating behaviors, often accidental or situational, that are not widely known and don't lead to significant social reactions.

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Secondary Deviance

Deviant behavior that occurs as a result of being labelled and treated as deviant, often leading to internalization of the label and further deviant behavior.

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Stigma

A negative social label that devalues a person or group, affecting their social acceptance and opportunities.

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Study Notes

Criminology Notes - Chapter One

  • Criminology is the scientific study of criminal behavior and social science
  • It became a discipline in the mid-20th century in Canada
  • Prior to the 1800s, there was a belief that criminal behavior was due to demonic possession
  • Criminals are not necessarily different (e.g., murderers, rapists)
  • Common sense and media interpretations contribute to opinions
  • Better-looking individuals are less likely to be judged guilty of crimes
  • Hagan's Pyramid (1991):
    • Consensus crimes: acts that are widely viewed as morally wrong (e.g., murder, assault, damaging property)
    • Conflict crimes: acts that some people think are crimes but others don't (e.g., slavery)

Criminology Notes - Defining Crime and Deviance

  • Defining crime and deviance is relative, varying across cultures and time periods
  • Cultural and historical contexts shape interpretations of crime and deviance.
  • Contextual perceptions vary based on circumstances.
  • Gender also plays a role in how crime is interpreted and enforced.

Criminology Notes - Definitions of Crime

  • Criminal codes, laws and definitions change over time and are not always consistent
  • Legal statutes define crimes in Canada, with procedures and sentencing.
  • The core elements of a crime include actus reus (physical act) and mens rea (mental state or intent).
  • Two forms of law exist: civil and criminal.

Criminology Notes - Incomplete Crimes

  • Criminal attempt (inchoate offences) are considered an act or an attempted act that has not been fully completed.
  • Criminal responsibility is the individual's responsibility.
  • Social issues, such as social problems, can be associated with crime.

Criminology Notes - Classical and Biological Theories

  • Crime is understood as a consequence of social factors and individual characteristics, in terms of rational choice, and the need for punishment/deterrence.

  • Crime comes from poor parenting, and social factors.

  • Individuals have free will and responsibility for their actions.

  • Classical theory, or theories, are about rational choice, and individual responsible for acts.

Criminology Notes - Labeling Theory

  • Criminal behavior is a social construct, not an inherent trait.
  • Social labelling and status degradation affect responses to crimes.

Criminology Notes - Social Process Theories

  • Social process theories focus on the factors in a person's life that can influence the development of criminal behaviour.
  • These theories concentrate on how people learn through interactions, and social processes
  • Examples include differential association and control theories.

Criminology Notes - Social Structural Theories

  • Social structure theories focus on community-level problems like lack of social organization to explain crime rates.
  • Strain theories focus on the discrepancy between societal goals and acceptable/legitimate means of achieving those goals
  • Subcultural theories focus on how societies have divergent norms and values; some subcultures encourage criminal behaviour

Criminology Notes - Conflict Theories

  • Conflict theories focus on power imbalances and how groups with more power define crime to serve their own interests rather than those of society.
  • Marxist theories focus on the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes, to establish systems of power and inequalities
  • Feminist theories focus on the conflict based on gender

Criminology Notes - Victimization

  • Victimization is about suffering by those indirectly impacted by crime, and direct and indirect effects.
  • This can result in feelings of fear, hostility, and avoidance.

Criminology Notes - Restorative Justice

  • Restorative justice aims to repair harm caused by crime.
  • It involves bringing together victims, offenders, and community members to address the consequences of crime.

Criminology Notes - Measuring Crime

  • Official statistics (UCR, Uniform Crime Reporting): data systematically collected by police.
  • Self-report surveys: people report their own criminal behaviours; vulnerable to accuracy and honesty

Criminology Notes - Crime Prevention

  • Deterrence, nurturance, avoidance and environmental changes can help reduce crime
  • Situational approaches concentrate on reducing crime opportunities by making it more difficult to commit crimes.
  • Broken window approaches focus on improving public order to reduce crime through improved maintenance and cleanliness.

Criminology Notes - Crime and Technology

  • Crime associated with technology: e.g, cybercrime, identity theft, etc.
  • Technology changes the way crime and punishment is enforced.

Criminology Notes - Cultural Conflict

  • Culture can affect the understanding, recording and enforcement of crime.
  • The values and beliefs of specific groups/cultures make a difference on who gets labeled as criminals.

Criminology Notes - Contemporary Criminology

  • Globalization makes some crimes more likely in the modern world
  • Organized crime: crime committed by groups and associations to gain income or power.

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Description

Test your understanding of Routine Activity Theory with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as crime opportunity components, target characteristics, and criticisms of the theory. This short quiz will challenge your knowledge in crime analysis and its dimensions.

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