Active State Function and Muscle Models Critique

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In skeletal muscles, the resting tension is:

moderate

entirely negligible (correct)

high

significant

One of the differences between heart and skeletal muscles in terms of muscle length is that:

the skeletal muscle can beat by itself

the skeletal muscle has a limited operational range of length

both have a similar operational range of length

the heart muscle has a limited operational range of length (correct)

What properties describe a heart muscle in its resting state?

homogeneous, anisotropic, incompressible

homogeneous, isotropic, compressible

inhomogeneous, isotropic, compressible

inhomogeneous, anisotropic, incompressible (correct)

Which term describes the ability of a heart muscle to exhibit stress relaxation under maintained stretch?

Dissipates energy Signup and view all the answers

Under maintained stress, a heart muscle exhibits:

creep Signup and view all the answers

Would Hill’s three-element model, modified for the active state, provide a constitutive equation for which type of muscle?

Heart muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critique of Hill's three-element model?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What modification to Hill's model was proposed to address its limitations?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does a muscle exhibit tetanus?

When shocks are given at a rate of 50 per second, resulting in a smooth, sustained contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of introducing an 'active state' function in the context of describing single twitches?

To account for the time-dependent behavior of the contractile element (CE) during stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Hill's equation for the contractile element (CE)?

It needs to be modified if the muscle is not tetanized. Signup and view all the answers

According to Hill's equation for tetanized muscle, what does the constant 'a' represent?

A constant related to the muscle's efficiency Signup and view all the answers

In the derivation of Hill's equation, what does the term 'H' represent?

The heat produced during shortening Signup and view all the answers

Under isometric conditions, what is the relationship between the rate of energy release (E) and the activation heat (A)?

E = A Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'v' represent in Hill's equation?

The velocity of contraction Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does Hill's equation fail to describe the force-velocity relationship?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the dimensionless form of Hill's equation?

1 / (P/P0) + 1 / (v/v0) = c Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the constant 'c' in the dimensionless form of Hill's equation?

It is related to the muscle's efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Under isometric conditions, what is the value of the velocity of contraction (v)?

Zero Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the tension (P) and the maximum isometric tension (P0) in Hill's equation?

P can be greater than, less than, or equal to P0 Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'W' represent in the derivation of Hill's equation?

The rate of work done by the muscle Signup and view all the answers