Active State Function and Muscle Models Critique

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In skeletal muscles, the resting tension is:

entirely negligible

One of the differences between heart and skeletal muscles in terms of muscle length is that:

the heart muscle has a limited operational range of length

What properties describe a heart muscle in its resting state?

inhomogeneous, anisotropic, incompressible

Which term describes the ability of a heart muscle to exhibit stress relaxation under maintained stretch?

<p>Dissipates energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under maintained stress, a heart muscle exhibits:

<p>creep</p> Signup and view all the answers

Would Hill’s three-element model, modified for the active state, provide a constitutive equation for which type of muscle?

<p>Heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critique of Hill's three-element model?

<p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What modification to Hill's model was proposed to address its limitations?

<p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does a muscle exhibit tetanus?

<p>When shocks are given at a rate of 50 per second, resulting in a smooth, sustained contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of introducing an 'active state' function in the context of describing single twitches?

<p>To account for the time-dependent behavior of the contractile element (CE) during stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Hill's equation for the contractile element (CE)?

<p>It needs to be modified if the muscle is not tetanized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hill's equation for tetanized muscle, what does the constant 'a' represent?

<p>A constant related to the muscle's efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the derivation of Hill's equation, what does the term 'H' represent?

<p>The heat produced during shortening</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under isometric conditions, what is the relationship between the rate of energy release (E) and the activation heat (A)?

<p>E = A</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'v' represent in Hill's equation?

<p>The velocity of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does Hill's equation fail to describe the force-velocity relationship?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dimensionless form of Hill's equation?

<p>1 / (P/P0) + 1 / (v/v0) = c</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the constant 'c' in the dimensionless form of Hill's equation?

<p>It is related to the muscle's efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under isometric conditions, what is the value of the velocity of contraction (v)?

<p>Zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the tension (P) and the maximum isometric tension (P0) in Hill's equation?

<p>P can be greater than, less than, or equal to P0</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'W' represent in the derivation of Hill's equation?

<p>The rate of work done by the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

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