Action Research and Sampling Methods
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Questions and Answers

Who initially developed the concept of action research?

  • Kurt Lewin (correct)
  • Carl Rogers
  • John Dewey
  • Albert Bandura

    • What is a primary characteristic of action research compared to traditional experimental research?

  • Involvement of only trained researchers
  • Elimination of participant feedback
  • Use of numerical data for analysis
  • Focus on individual behavior changes (correct)

    • What is the first phase in the action research cycle described by Kurt Lewin?

  • Planning
  • Evaluation
  • Pre-Step (correct)
  • Execution

    • Which aspect is NOT a step in the planning phase of action research?

    <p>Collecting longitudinal data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In action research, how do key informants participate in the research process?

    <p>As active partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using traditional experimental designs as highlighted in Lewin's work?

    <p>Inability to identify reasons for behavioral changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Pre-Step in action research?

    <p>To specify objectives and understand the project context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the construction of a plan in the planning phase be approached?

    <p>As a collaborative effort involving stakeholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of quota sampling?

    <p>To provide representative samples at a low cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of snowball sampling?

    <p>It can lead to biased samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step comes first in the snowball sampling process?

    <p>Identifying initial research participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of populations is snowball sampling best suited for?

    <p>Rare or niche populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of using snowball sampling?

    <p>Reduced search costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about quota sampling is accurate?

    <p>It can be influenced by sampling error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do market researchers face when using snowball sampling?

    <p>Getting initial respondents to suggest other participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the limitations of snowball sampling?

    <p>Initial participants may not want to refer others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a data warehouse in the banking sector?

    <p>To collect and integrate separate data for decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes data mining?

    <p>The identification of constructive associations and patterns from accumulated data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is emphasized in syndicated sources of secondary data?

    <p>Data that is collected and shared by organizations without a specific problem focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a data warehouse?

    <p>Eliminates all need for data analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a goal of data mining?

    <p>Offering transactions in real-time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are syndicated sources of secondary data typically categorized?

    <p>Based on the unit of measurement such as households or consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of consumer data gathered from surveys?

    <p>It refers to purchasing patterns and lifestyles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might organizations prefer syndicated sources over primary data collection?

    <p>Syndicated sources are usually more cost-effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using secondary data in research?

    <p>It helps redefine the research problem during exploratory research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common limitation of secondary data?

    <p>It lacks relevance, availability, or accuracy at times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is traditionally used for collecting secondary data?

    <p>Libraries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method through which secondary data can be automatically collected?

    <p>Web scraping using bots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers evaluate to assess the accuracy of secondary data?

    <p>The source of the data and the methods used in its collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is continuous market research important for a company?

    <p>It helps in maintaining market share and achieving long-term viability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of internal secondary information is often compiled by companies?

    <p>Customer purchase patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge might researchers face when collecting secondary data?

    <p>Hostility of the target population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with undistinguished naturalistic observation?

    <p>Participants may not act naturally due to awareness of observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates distinguished participant observation from undistinguished participant observation?

    <p>Whether the researcher discloses their role to the participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which setting is structured observation typically conducted?

    <p>A laboratory or a structured natural setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best aligns with the goal of ethnography?

    <p>To understand the functioning of a culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is typically collected using structured observation?

    <p>Quantitative data focused on specific behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical issue may arise during participant observation?

    <p>Potential deception if researchers hide their roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating a case study, what may it involve?

    <p>Investigating multiple cases or a single issue within a broader context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes participant observation from undistinguished naturalistic observation?

    <p>Participant observation requires interaction with participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Action Research

    • Action research originated with Kurt Lewin in 1948, who focused on changing housewives' nutrition habits.
    • Lewin's research diverged from traditional experimental research by emphasizing the importance of participants' active role in identifying changes.
    • Action research often involves individuals or communities as active partners in the research process, collaborating in designing and implementing solutions.
    • The action research cycle consists of a pre-step, planning, action, observation, and reflection.
    • The pre-step focuses on defining objectives, understanding the context, and identifying learning groups.
    • The planning stage involves creating a comprehensive plan for the action research project.

    Sampling Methods in Market Research

    • Quota Sampling:
      • A non-probability sampling method that aims to create a representative sample at a lower cost.
      • It involves dividing the population into subgroups based on certain characteristics and then selecting a predetermined number of participants from each subgroup.
      • Offers convenience and cost-effectiveness but may introduce sampling error.
    • Snowball Sampling:
      • A non-probability sampling method used to recruit participants from rare or niche populations.
      • It involves asking initial participants to recommend similar individuals who might be interested in participating in the study.
      • Reduces search costs but can lead to sample bias as participants may be too similar to the initial group, potentially misrepresenting the overall population.

    Data Warehouses and Data Mining

    • Data warehouses collect and integrate data from various sources, transforming it into a consistent format for decision-making.
    • Data mining involves analyzing large datasets to uncover patterns, trends, and associations that can be used to improve business decisions.
    • Data mining techniques can be used for various purposes, such as:
      • Identifying potential target markets.
      • Understanding customer behavior and preferences.
      • Determining the relationships between products or services.

    Secondary Data: Syndicated Sources

    • Syndicated sources of data are organizations that collect and sell data and information to address specific needs or requirements.
    • This data is often collected without a specific research objective in mind, but it can be used by client organizations for various purposes.
    • Syndicated sources often provide data on households, consumers, or organizations.
    • Examples of consumer data include values, lifestyles, purchasing patterns, and behavior.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Data

    • Advantages:*
    • Helps redefine the research problem during the exploratory stage.
    • Flags potential problems and difficulties with data collection.
    • Offers credibility and background information for research projects.
    • Disadvantages:*
    • Lack of availability for specific research questions.
    • Lack of relevance or incompatibility with certain research needs.
    • Possibility of inaccuracy due to errors in collection, coding, analysis, or presentation.

    Observational Research Methods

    • Undistinguished Naturalistic Observation:
      • Involves observing participants without their knowledge or consent.
      • Raises ethical concerns as individuals may behave differently when observed.
    • Participant Observation:
      • Researchers actively participate in the research setting, collecting data through observations, interviews, and interactions.
      • Can be distinguished (researchers conceal their role) or undistinguished (researchers reveal their role).
      • Ethical concerns can arise if participants are unaware of the researcher's true identity.
    • Structured Observation:
      • Observations are conducted in a controlled environment, focusing on specific behaviors.
      • Often used in laboratories or settings with a defined structure.
      • Emphasizes quantitative data collection.

    Case Study Research

    • Case studies involve investigating a specific issue or problem through one or more cases within a particular system or context.
    • Aims to understand how a specific culture operates or gain insights into an issue using a case as a reference point.
    • Often involves exploring a complex situation in depth.

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    Research Methodology - Qualitative Approaches

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of action research, including its origins with Kurt Lewin and the importance of participant involvement. It also covers sampling methods used in market research, such as quota sampling, and their implementation. Test your knowledge on these essential research strategies!

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