Acids, Bases, and pH Scale

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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately defines an acid?

An acid is characterized by a negative charge.

An acid donates H+ ions to a solution. (correct)

An acid is a compound with a pH greater than 7.

An acid absorbs H+ ions in a solution.

What does a higher pH value indicate about a solution?

The solution is more acidic.

The solution has a higher concentration of H+ ions.

The solution has a neutral pH.

The solution is more alkaline. (correct)

How does the pH scale function mathematically?

pH is a logarithmic scale based on powers of 10. (correct)

pH = log [H+]

pH increases with higher concentrations of H+ ions.

pH = -10 [H+]

Which pH range represents normal human blood?

7.35 - 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

If a solution has a pH of 6, how does its acidity compare to a solution with a pH of 7?

It is ten times more acidic. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a base in terms of hydrogen ions?

A base absorbs H+ ions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of buffers in the body?

Buffers maintain stable pH levels despite changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pH value of most body fluids?

7.0 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false about pH?

A solution with a pH of 8 is more acidic than one with a pH of 5. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of prolonged vomiting?

Alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by excessive loss of hydrogen ions leading to alkalosis?

Hyperaldosteronism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metabolic processes requires the presence of oxygen?

Aerobic metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury results from the obstruction of blood flow, causing complete lack of oxygen delivery?

Anoxic injury Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes free radicals?

Unpaired electron in the outer shell Signup and view all the answers

What is a common byproduct of anaerobic metabolism that can lead to acidosis?

Lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the injury occurring due to the return of blood flow to a previously ischemic area?

Reperfusion injury Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular injury involves the damage of structural lipids?

Lipid peroxidation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal effect promotes the loss of hydrogen ions in the kidney, contributing to alkalosis?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which process primarily relies on mitochondrial oxygenation to generate ATP?

Krebs Cycle Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hyperplasia in cellular responses?

Increase in the number of cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cellular change occurs in cardiac muscle cells?

Only hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary visual indicator of coagulative necrosis?

Amorphous cell shape and plasma membrane blebs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cellular responses is classified as pre-neoplastic?

Dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of lysosomal explosion during necrosis?

Clumping of proteins due to digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hypertrophy and hyperplasia is true?

Hypertrophy can occur without a change in cell number Signup and view all the answers

What processes lead to hydropic swelling in cells?

Increased intracellular sodium and reduced ATP levels Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes the adaptive transformation of tissue from one cell type to another?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

How does hypertrophy differ from hyperplasia?

Hypertrophy involves fewer cells that are larger, while hyperplasia involves normal-sized cells that increase in number. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of dysplasia in cellular changes?

Cells undergo rapid division and appear non-uniform. Signup and view all the answers

In smokers, which cellular change occurs in the airway epithelium?

Metaplasia from columnar to squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'atrophy'?

A decrease in cell size with the same number of cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of hypoxic injury on cells?

It can rapidly result in cell death. Signup and view all the answers

Which morphologic change is characterized by abnormal, non-adaptive cellular growth?

Dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

What leads to increased intracellular water accumulation in cells under stress?

Increased sodium levels due to Na/K pump failure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of buffering compounds in a solution?

They can both donate and absorb H+ ions. Signup and view all the answers

What limits the bicarbonate buffer system's ability to maintain pH?

There is an upper threshold for acid addition beyond which the blood becomes acidic. Signup and view all the answers

Which system provides rapid regulation of carbon dioxide levels in response to changes in acidity?

The respiratory system. Signup and view all the answers

How does the renal system influence the bicarbonate buffer system?

It controls the conservation of bicarbonate ions and secretion of H+. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the bicarbonate buffer reaction if CO2 levels are increased?

It produces more carbonic acid, aiding in buffering. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a major buffering system in the body?

Ammonium. Signup and view all the answers

In metabolic acidosis, what is primarily occurring in the body?

There is an accumulation of acid or loss of bicarbonate. Signup and view all the answers

What role does hemoglobin play in the buffering systems of the body?

It acts as a buffer by binding to CO2 and H+ ions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about acidosis and alkalosis is false?

Acidosis increases the buffering capacity of the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main byproduct of metabolism that is critical for the bicarbonate buffering system?

Carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acids and Bases

Acids donate H+ ions to solutions; bases absorb H+ ions.
Bases are typically negatively charged, while double negatives indicate the base in comparisons with acids.

pH Scale

pH measures acidity or alkalinity, with lower values indicating higher acidity and higher values indicating higher alkalinity.
Scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral (most body fluids maintain pH around 7.35-7.45).
pH is calculated as pH = -log [H+].
A shift from pH 7 to pH 6 indicates a tenfold increase in acidity.

Buffers and Buffer Systems

Buffers are compounds that stabilize pH by absorbing or donating H+ ions.
Major buffering systems include:
- Proteins (intracellular and extracellular)
- Hemoglobin
- Phosphate (crucial in ATP metabolism)
- Bicarbonate (HCO3-/H2CO3) is the most important, regulating CO2 levels.
Bicarbonate regulation involves:
- Respiratory system (minutes to hours)
- Renal system (hours to days)

Respiratory vs. Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis relates to CO2 levels, while metabolic acidosis/alkalosis involves bicarbonate levels.
Prolonged vomiting, GI suctioning, hyperaldosteronism, and diuretics can lead to metabolic alkalosis.

Patient Acid/Base Data

Data to determine acid/base balance include arterial blood gases, bicarbonate levels, and pH.
Normal ranges for pH: 7.35-7.45, bicarbonate: 22-26 mEq/L.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Metabolism

Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen, involving glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Anaerobic metabolism occurs without oxygen and is less efficient in ATP production.

Hypoxic and Free Radical Injury

Hypoxic injury results from insufficient oxygen, leading to potential irreversible damage and cell death.
Reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored, often causing inflammation.
Free radicals are unstable and can damage cellular components like lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to significant cellular injury.

Hydropic Swelling

Hydropic swelling is the accumulation of water within cells due to ATP depletion, hindering Na/K pump function.
Increased intracellular Na+ leads to water retention and cell swelling, potentially resulting in cell death.

Morphological Changes from Cell Stress

Atrophy: Reduced intracellular content and function, same number of cells.
Hypertrophy: Increased cell size with the same number of cells.
Hyperplasia: Increased cell number without size change, often occurs alongside hypertrophy.
Metaplasia: Tissue transformation to another cell type (adaptive and usually reversible).
Dysplasia: Abnormal, non-adaptive, and pre-cancerous cell growth.

Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy refers to cell size increase, while hyperplasia refers to cell number increase.
Cardiac muscle can enlarge (hypertrophy) but does not undergo hyperplasia because they do not divide.

Visual Signs of Necrosis

Coagulative necrosis involves cytoskeletal breakdown, lysosome rupture, and protein clumping.
Cells display amorphous shapes, swelling, and distinct nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, or karyolysis).

Dysplasia Characteristics

Dysplasia is characterized as non-adaptive and pre-neoplastic, denoting a risk for cancer development.

Cell Necrosis

Necrosis represents irreversible cell death, triggering distinct morphological and biochemical changes within affected tissues.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts about acids, bases, and the pH scale. It explains the roles of acids and bases in solutions, the significance of pH levels, and the function of buffer systems in maintaining acidity. Test your knowledge on these fundamental principles of chemistry!