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Questions and Answers
According to the Arrhenius theory, what ions do acids and bases produce in water?
According to the Arrhenius theory, what ions do acids and bases produce in water?
Acids produce hydrogen ions $H^{+}$ while bases produce hydroxide ions $OH^{-}$ in water.
What is the role of hydronium ions in the context of acid dissociation?
What is the role of hydronium ions in the context of acid dissociation?
Hydronium ions ($H_{3}O^{+}$) represent the hydrated form of hydrogen ions produced by acids in solution.
How does ammonia demonstrate a limitation of the Arrhenius theory?
How does ammonia demonstrate a limitation of the Arrhenius theory?
Ammonia does not contain hydroxide ions but produces them when it reacts with water, illustrating that not all bases fit the Arrhenius definition.
Define a conjugate acid-base pair and give an example.
Define a conjugate acid-base pair and give an example.
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Explain the difference between the roles of acids and bases according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory.
Explain the difference between the roles of acids and bases according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory.
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Study Notes
Acid & Bases
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Arrhenius Theory:
- Acid: A substance that dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+).
- Base: A substance that dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-).
- Example: HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
- Example: NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
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Limitations of Arrhenius Theory:
- Not all acids and bases are explained correctly
- Protons are always hydrated, so a hydrated proton is called a hydronium ion (H3O+).
- Ammonia does not contain hydroxide ions, but it does produce them when reacted with water.
Brønsted-Lowry Theory
- Acid: A proton donor (H+ ion can be removed)
- Base: A proton acceptor (accepts a proton, H+)
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Example:
- HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl−
- H2O acts as a base, accepting a proton from the acid HCl
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
- Two molecules that are related by the transfer of a proton are called a conjugate acid-base pair
- Example: H3O+ and H2O are conjugate acid-base pair
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts of acids and bases, including the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories. It explains the definitions, examples, and limitations associated with each theory, providing a solid foundation for understanding acid-base chemistry.
