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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true of Arrhenius bases?

  • They increase the concentration of $H_3O^+$ ions in solution.
  • They decrease the concentration of $OH^-$ ions in solution.
  • They increase the concentration of $OH^-$ ions in solution. (correct)
  • They decrease the concentration of $H_3O^+$ ions in solution.

Which of the following is a characteristic of bases according to early definitions?

  • Reacts violently with metals
  • Turns litmus paper red
  • Sour taste
  • Soapy feel (correct)

Which of the following is classified as a common acid?

  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (correct)
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

What defines a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

<p>A substance that gives away protons ($H^+$). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polyprotic acid?

<p>Sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substance is capable of acting as both an acid and a base?

<p>Amphoteric (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What products are formed when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?

<p>Salt and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction $HCl (aq) + NH_3 (aq) → NH_4Cl (aq)$, what type of reaction is occurring?

<p>Neutralization reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate?

<p>Salt, water, and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a substance loses electrons during a chemical reaction, what process has it undergone?

<p>Oxidation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxidation number of a pure element in its elemental state?

<p>0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a redox reaction, what happens to the oxidation number of a substance that is reduced?

<p>It decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does $H^+$ play when balancing redox reactions in an acidic medium?

<p>Balancing hydrogen atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following applications involves redox reactions?

<p>Corrosion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of balancing redox reactions?

<p>To ensure the number of electrons lost equals the number of electrons gained (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine the oxidation number of sulfur in the sulfate ion ($SO_4^{2-}$)

<p>+6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the conjugate base of $H_2PO_4^−$?

<p>$HPO_4^{2−}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify which of the following reactions is not a redox reaction.

<p>$NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H_2O(l)$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a balanced half-reaction for the reduction of $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$ to $Cr^{3+}$ in an acidic solution?

<p>$Cr_2O_7^{2-} + 14H^+ + 6e^- → 2Cr^{3+} + 7H_2O$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A compound is found to contain 52.17% carbon, 13.04% hydrogen, and 34.78% oxygen by mass. If the compound is $XOH$, deduce the identity of element X.

<p>The premise is invalid since $XOH$ cannot be an alcohol with just carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to behave as amphiprotic in an aqueous solution?

<p>$HCO_3^−$ (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the following reaction: $2Al(s) + 3Cu^{2+}(aq) → 2Al^{3+}(aq) + 3Cu(s)$. Which species is the oxidizing agent?

<p>$Cu^{2+}(aq)$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In balancing the redox reaction: $MnO_4^−(aq) + Fe^{2+}(aq) → Mn^{2+}(aq) + Fe^{3+}(aq)$ in acidic solution, what is the coefficient of $H^+$?

<p>8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the half-reactions: $Zn(s) → Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2e^−$ $E° = +0.76 V$ $Cu^{2+}(aq) + 2e^− → Cu(s)$ $E° = +0.34 V$ Calculate the standard cell potential ($E°_{cell}$) for a voltaic cell using these half-reactions.

<p>+1.10 V (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mysterious element, Dagwoodium (Dg), is discovered in a meteorite. It can form stable oxides with formulas $DgO$ and $DgO_3$. Given that oxygen's oxidation number is -2, what are the possible oxidation states of Dagwoodium in these oxides, and what does this suggest about its potential behavior in redox reactions?

<p>Dagwoodium exhibits oxidation states of +2 and +6, suggesting it can act as both an oxidizing and reducing agent depending on the reaction conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the behavior of amphoteric substances?

<p>They can act as either acids or bases, depending on the reaction conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of water in the context of the Bronsted-Lowry definition?

<p>It can act as both a proton donor and a proton acceptor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, what are the products?

<p>Water and sodium chloride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, what products are formed?

<p>A salt and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a redox reaction, if a substance gains electrons, what process has it undergone?

<p>Reduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds, with exceptions for peroxides?

<p>-2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In balancing redox reactions in a basic medium, which of the following is used to balance hydrogen atoms?

<p>$OH^−$ ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves redox reactions?

<p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conjugate acid of the base $NH_3$?

<p>$NH_4^+$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of redox reactions?

<p>Transfer of protons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do electrons play in the process of oxidation?

<p>Electrons are lost. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the oxidation number of hydrogen in metal hydrides?

<p>-1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be ensured when balancing redox reactions?

<p>The number of electrons lost equals the number of electrons gained. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents a neutralization reaction?

<p>$HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H_2O$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a metal hydroxide reacting with an acid?

<p>$Mg(OH)_2 + 2HCl → MgCl_2 + 2H_2O$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a proton donor in the Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases?

<p>It acts as an acid by donating protons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxidation number of carbon in the bicarbonate ion ($HCO_3^−$)?

<p>+4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the strongest reducing agent?

<p>$Li$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the incomplete redox reaction: $Cr_2O_7^{2−} + ... → 2Cr^{3+}$ in acidic solution. What is the balanced half-reaction?

<p>$Cr_2O_7^{2−} + 14H^+ + 6e^− → 2Cr^{3+} + 7H_2O$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What product(s) form when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate?

<p>A salt, water, and carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is a polyprotic acid?

<p>$H_3PO_4$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $X$ has an oxidation state of +2 and forms a compound with oxygen, what is the likely formula of the compound?

<p>$XO$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the following reaction: $MnO_4^− + 5Fe^{2+} + 8H^+ → Mn^{2+} + 5Fe^{3+} + 4H_2O$. Which species is the oxidizing agent?

<p>$MnO_4^−$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Predict which of the following acids will have the lowest pH at the same molar concentration.

<p>Hydrofluoric acid ($HF$), $K_a = 6.8 imes 10^{-4}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A newly synthesized element, Elementonium (Eo), forms a series of oxides. One of these oxides, $Eo_2O_5$, is found to be amphoteric. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, deduce the oxidation state of Elementonium in $Eo_2O_5$, and predict which of the following reactions it would most likely undergo under highly acidic conditions.

<p>Eo in $Eo_2O_5$ has an oxidation state of +5 and would likely act as a base, accepting protons to form a cationic species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an early characteristic used to identify bases?

<p>Has a soapy feel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an amphiprotic substance?

<p>A substance that can either donate or accept protons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What products are typically formed in the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?

<p>A salt and water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During oxidation, what happens to a substance?

<p>It loses electrons and its oxidation number increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxidation number of fluorine in its compounds?

<p>-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In balancing redox reactions in an acidic medium, what is used to balance oxygen atoms?

<p>Water molecules ($H_2O$) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes primarily involves the application of redox reactions?

<p>The electrolysis of water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conjugate base of sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$)?

<p>$HSO_4^$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of redox reactions?

<p>The formation of precipitates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do electrons play in the reduction process?

<p>Electrons are gained (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxidation number of hydrogen when it is bonded to a metal in a metal hydride?

<p>-1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following must be ensured when balancing redox reactions?

<p>Both the number of atoms and the charge are balanced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents a neutralization reaction?

<p>$HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) \rightarrow NaCl(aq) + H_2O(l)$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a proton donor play in the Bronsted-Lowry definition?

<p>It acts as an acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hydroxide ion concentration in a neutral solution at $25^\circ C$?

<p>$1.0 \times 10^{-7} M$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct half-reaction for the oxidation of $Fe^{2+}$ to $Fe^{3+}$?

<p>$Fe^{2+} \rightarrow Fe^{3+} + e^-$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arrange the following acids in order of increasing strength: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$), Carbonic acid ($H_2CO_3$).

<p>$H_2CO_3 &lt; CH_3COOH &lt; HCl$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A newly discovered element, 'Mythium' (My), reacts with oxygen to form an oxide with the formula $My_2O_3$. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, what is the oxidation number of Mythium in this compound?

<p>+3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions would NOT produce water as a product?

<p>The dissolution of salt in water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a solution has a pOH of 12 at $25^\circ C$, what is the hydronium ion concentration?

<p>$1 \times 10^{-2} M$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the following unbalanced redox reaction: $MnO_4^(aq) + C_2O_4^{2}(aq) Mn^{2+}(aq) + CO_2(g)$ in acidic solution. What is the coefficient for $CO_2$ when the equation is properly balanced?

<p>10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientist discovers a new element, Tentatium (Tt), which forms a series of oxides. One oxide, $TtO_2$, reacts with both strong acids and strong bases. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, what is the oxidation state of Tentatium in $TtO_2$, and what does this suggest about its chemical behavior?

<p>Oxidation state is +4, behaving as an amphoteric oxide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have two solutions: Solution A has a pH of 3 using hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the solute, and Solution B has a pH of 3 using ethanoic acid ($CH_3COOH$) as the solute. Both solutions are prepared under the same conditions. Which statement is most accurate regarding the molar concentrations of HCl and $CH_3COOH$?

<p>The molar concentration of HCl in solution A is lower than that of $CH_3COOH$ in solution B. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the half-reaction: $XO_3^(aq) + 6H^+(aq) + 6e^ X^{3}(aq) + 3H_2O(l)$. If the standard reduction potential ($E$) for this half-reaction is +1.50 V, and you have another half-cell with $Zn(s) Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2e^$ and $E = +0.76 V$, which of the following is the overall balanced redox reaction, and what is the $E_{cell}$ for the spontaneous reaction?

<p>$XO_3^(aq) + 6H^+(aq) + 3Zn(s) X^{3}(aq) + 3H_2O(l) + 3Zn^{2+}(aq)$, $E_{cell} = +2.26 V$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Early Definition of Acids

Substances identified by their sour taste.

Early Definition of Bases

Substances noted for their soapy feel and bitter taste.

Arrhenius Acids

Substances that increase the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution.

Arrhenius Bases

Substances that increase the concentration of OH− ions in solution.

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Bronsted-Lowry Acids

Proton donors; substances that give away H+.

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Bronsted-Lowry Bases

Proton acceptors; substances that take up H+.

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Amphoteric Substances

Substances that can act as both acids and bases.

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Amphiprotic Substances

A subset of amphoteric substances that can donate or accept protons (H+).

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Polyprotic Acid

An acid that can donate more than one proton (H+).

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Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

Two species that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton.

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Neutralization Reaction

The reaction between an acid and a base, often forming a salt and water.

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Acid reacts with metal hydroxide

Forms a salt and water.

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Acid reacts with metal oxide

Forms a salt and water.

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Acid reacts with metal carbonate

Forms a salt, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Redox Reactions

Chemical processes where electrons are transferred between substances.

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Oxidation

The loss of electrons, increasing oxidation state.

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Reduction

The gain of electrons, decreasing oxidation state.

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Oxidation Number

Hypothetical charge if all bonds were completely ionic.

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Oxidation Number of Pure element

The oxidation number is zero.

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Oxidation Number of Monatomic Ions

Equal to the charge of the ion.

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Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Neutral Molecule

Must be zero.

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Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Polyatomic Ions

Must equal the ion's charge.

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Oxidation Number of Oxygen

-2 in most compounds, -1 in peroxides.

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Oxidation Number of Hydrogen

+1, except in metal hydrides where it is -1.

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Oxidation Number of Fluorine

-1 in all compounds.

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What is an amphoteric substance?

A substance that can either donate or accept protons, acting as both an acid and a base.

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What is a redox reaction?

A reaction where there is a transfer of electrons between chemical species.

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What is Oxidation?

Losing electrons which results in an increase in the oxidation state

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What is Reduction?

Gaining electrons; results in a decrease of oxidation state.

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How to identify a redox reaction

Assign oxidation numbers to all elements in the reactants and products, identify the elements that undergo a change in oxidation number, and determine which elements are oxidized (increase) and reduced (decrease).

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What is Balancing Redox Reactions?

Balancing redox reactions involves ensuring that the number of electrons lost in oxidation equals the number of electrons gained in reduction

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First step to balacing redox reactions

Separate the overall eaction into two half-reactions, one for oxidation and one for reduction

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Balancing Oxygen Atoms

Add water molecules to balance oxygen atoms

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Balancing Hydrogen Atoms in Acidic Medium

Use H+ ions to balance hydrogen atoms.

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Balancing Hydrogen Atoms in Basic Medium

Use OH ions to balance hydrogen atoms.

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Equalize the Number of Electrons

Multiply the half-reactions by appropriate coefficients so that the number of electrons lost in oxidation equals the number of electrons gained in reduction.

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Combine the Half Reactions

Add the half-reactions together, canceling out electrons and any other species that appear on both sides of the equation.

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Redox in Combustion

Combustion involves redox reactions where fuel is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

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Redox in Respiration

Respiration is a redox process where glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

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Redox and Corrosion

The rusting of iron is a redox reaction where iron is oxidized to iron oxide.

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Redox in Electrochemistry

Batteries and electroplating involve redox reactions where electron transfer occurs through an external circuit.

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Acids (Arrhenius)

Increase the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution.

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Bases (Arrhenius)

Increase the concentration of OH− ions in solution.

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Acids (Bronsted-Lowry)

Proton donors (substances that give away protons H+).

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Bases (Bronsted-Lowry)

Proton acceptors (substances that take up protons H+).

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First step in balancing redox reactions

Separate the reaction into two half-reactions, one for oxidation and one for reduction.

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Balancing Redox Reactions

Ensuring that the number of electrons lost in oxidation equals the number of electrons gained in reduction.

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Balancing Oxygen Atoms in Redox

Add water molecules to balance oxygen atoms.

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Balancing Hydrogen Atoms (Acidic)

Use H+ ions to balance hydrogen atoms.

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Balancing Hydrogen Atoms (Basic)

Use OH− ions to balance hydrogen atoms.

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Study Notes

  • Substances are classified as acids or bases in chemistry.
  • Acids and bases are found in many household items and foods.

Common Acids and Bases

  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  • Acetic (ethanoic) acid (CH3COOH)
  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
  • Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
  • Ammonia (NH3)

Defining Acids and Bases

Early Definitions:

  • Acids were initially identified by their sour taste.
  • Bases were noted for their soapy feel and bitter taste.

Arrhenius Definition (1887):

  • Acids increase the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution.
  • Bases increase the concentration of OH− ions in solution.

Bronsted-Lowry Definition (1923):

  • Acids are proton donors (give away protons H+).
  • Bases are proton acceptors (take up protons H+).

Amphoteric Substances

  • Amphoteric substances can act as both acids and bases, depending on the reaction.
  • Water (H2O) can act as an acid (donating a proton) or as a base (accepting a proton).
  • Amphiprotic substances can donate or accept protons (H+).
  • Examples of amphiprotic substances: Water (H2O), hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3−), hydrogen sulfate ion (HSO4−).

Polyprotic Acids

  • Polyprotic acids can donate more than one proton (H+).
  • Example: Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can donate two protons.
  • H2SO4(aq) + OH- → HSO4-(aq) + H2O (l)
  • H2SO4(aq) + 2OH- → SO4^{2}(aq) + 2H2O (l)

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

  • A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two species that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton.

Acid-Base Reactions

  • The reaction between an acid and a base is known as a neutralization reaction.
  • Often when an acid and base react, a salt and water will be formed.
  • Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
  • Hydrogen bromide reacts with potassium hydroxide: HBr (aq) + KOH (aq) → H2O (l) + KBr (aq)
  • Hydrochloric acid reacts with ammonia: HCl (aq) + NH3(aq) → NH4Cl (aq)

Acid and Metal Hydroxide

  • When an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide, a salt and water are formed.
  • General equation: nH+(aq) + M(OH)n(aq) → nH2O (l) + M^{n+}(aq)

Acid and Metal Oxide

  • When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, a salt and water are formed.
  • General equation: 2yH+(aq) + MxOy(aq) → yH2O (l) + xM^{n+}(aq)

Acid and Metal Carbonate

  • When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate, a salt, carbon dioxide, and water are formed.
  • General equation: 2H+(aq) + MCO3(aq) → H2O (l) + CO2(g) + M^{2+}(aq)

Redox Reactions

  • Redox reactions involve a transfer of electrons between two substances.
  • Redox reactions are fundamental to metabolism, combustion, and corrosion.
  • Understanding redox reactions involves recognizing the changes in oxidation states of the substances involved.

Oxidation and Reduction

  • Oxidation is the loss of electrons; when a substance is oxidized, it increases its oxidation state.
  • Reduction is the gain of electrons; when a substance is reduced, it decreases its oxidation state.
  • Oxidation and reduction occur together, hence the name redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions; one substance loses electrons while another gains them.

Oxidation Numbers

  • Oxidation numbers track electron transfer in redox reactions.
  • The oxidation number is a hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds were completely ionic.

Rules for determining oxidation numbers:

  • Elemental State: The oxidation number of any pure element (e.g., O2, H2, N2) is zero.
  • Monatomic Ions: The oxidation number equals the charge of the ion (e.g., Na+ has +1, Cl has -1).
  • Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Compounds: The sum must be zero for a neutral molecule.
  • Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Polyatomic Ions: The sum must equal the ion's charge.
  • Oxygen: Typically -2, except in peroxides (e.g., H2O2) where it is -1.
  • Hydrogen: Usually +1, except in metal hydrides (e.g., NaH) where it is -1.
  • Fluorine: Always -1 in compounds.

Determining Oxidation Numbers

  • Assign known oxidation numbers (e.g., oxygen as -2, hydrogen as +1).
  • Use the rule that the sum of oxidation numbers must match the overall charge.
  • Solve for the unknown oxidation number.

Redox Reactions

  • Redox reactions are characterized by a change in oxidation numbers.

To identify a redox reaction:

  • Assign oxidation numbers to all elements in reactants and products.
  • Identify elements that undergo a change in oxidation number.
  • Determine which elements are oxidized and which are reduced.

Balancing Redox Reactions

  • Balancing redox reactions involves ensuring that the number of electrons lost in oxidation equals the number of electrons gained in reduction.

Steps:

  • Write the Half-Reactions: Separate the overall reaction into two half-reactions, one for oxidation and one for reduction.
  • Balance Atoms in Each Half-Reaction: Balance all atoms except hydrogen and oxygen.
  • Balance Oxygen Atoms: Add water molecules to balance oxygen atoms.
  • Balance Hydrogen Atoms: In acidic solutions, add H+ ions; in basic solutions, add OH- ions.
  • Balance the Charges: Add electrons to one side of each half-reaction to balance the charges.
  • Equalize the Number of Electrons: Multiply half-reactions by coefficients so that the number of electrons lost equals the number of electrons gained.
  • Combine the Half-Reactions: Add the half-reactions together, canceling out electrons and any other species that appear on both sides of the equation.
  • Verify the Balance: Ensure that all atoms and charges are balanced in the final equation.

Acidic and Basic Medium Considerations

  • In an acidic medium: Use H+ ions to balance hydrogen atoms, and water molecules to balance oxygen atoms.
  • In a basic medium: Use OH- ions to balance hydrogen atoms, and water molecules to balance oxygen atoms.

Applications of Redox Reactions

  • Combustion: Burning of fuels involves redox reactions where fuel is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
  • Respiration: Biological redox process where glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
  • Corrosion: Rusting of iron is a redox reaction.
  • Electrochemistry: Batteries and electroplating involve redox reactions.
  • Understanding redox reactions, oxidation numbers, and balancing these reactions is fundamental in chemistry, and provides insights into the behavior of substances during chemical reactions.

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