Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is true of Arrhenius bases?
Which of the following is true of Arrhenius bases?
- They increase the concentration of $H_3O^+$ ions in solution.
- They decrease the concentration of $OH^-$ ions in solution.
- They increase the concentration of $OH^-$ ions in solution. (correct)
- They decrease the concentration of $H_3O^+$ ions in solution.
Which of the following is a characteristic of bases according to early definitions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bases according to early definitions?
- Reacts violently with metals
- Turns litmus paper red
- Sour taste
- Soapy feel (correct)
Which of the following is classified as a common acid?
Which of the following is classified as a common acid?
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (correct)
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
What defines a Bronsted-Lowry acid?
What defines a Bronsted-Lowry acid?
Which of the following is an example of a polyprotic acid?
Which of the following is an example of a polyprotic acid?
What type of substance is capable of acting as both an acid and a base?
What type of substance is capable of acting as both an acid and a base?
What products are formed when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?
What products are formed when an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?
In the reaction $HCl (aq) + NH_3 (aq) → NH_4Cl (aq)$, what type of reaction is occurring?
In the reaction $HCl (aq) + NH_3 (aq) → NH_4Cl (aq)$, what type of reaction is occurring?
What are the products of the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate?
What are the products of the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate?
If a substance loses electrons during a chemical reaction, what process has it undergone?
If a substance loses electrons during a chemical reaction, what process has it undergone?
What is the oxidation number of a pure element in its elemental state?
What is the oxidation number of a pure element in its elemental state?
In a redox reaction, what happens to the oxidation number of a substance that is reduced?
In a redox reaction, what happens to the oxidation number of a substance that is reduced?
What role does $H^+$ play when balancing redox reactions in an acidic medium?
What role does $H^+$ play when balancing redox reactions in an acidic medium?
Which of the following applications involves redox reactions?
Which of the following applications involves redox reactions?
What is the purpose of balancing redox reactions?
What is the purpose of balancing redox reactions?
Determine the oxidation number of sulfur in the sulfate ion ($SO_4^{2-}$)
Determine the oxidation number of sulfur in the sulfate ion ($SO_4^{2-}$)
Which of the following is the conjugate base of $H_2PO_4^−$?
Which of the following is the conjugate base of $H_2PO_4^−$?
Identify which of the following reactions is not a redox reaction.
Identify which of the following reactions is not a redox reaction.
Which of the following represents a balanced half-reaction for the reduction of $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$ to $Cr^{3+}$ in an acidic solution?
Which of the following represents a balanced half-reaction for the reduction of $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$ to $Cr^{3+}$ in an acidic solution?
A compound is found to contain 52.17% carbon, 13.04% hydrogen, and 34.78% oxygen by mass. If the compound is $XOH$, deduce the identity of element X.
A compound is found to contain 52.17% carbon, 13.04% hydrogen, and 34.78% oxygen by mass. If the compound is $XOH$, deduce the identity of element X.
Which of the following is most likely to behave as amphiprotic in an aqueous solution?
Which of the following is most likely to behave as amphiprotic in an aqueous solution?
Consider the following reaction: $2Al(s) + 3Cu^{2+}(aq) → 2Al^{3+}(aq) + 3Cu(s)$. Which species is the oxidizing agent?
Consider the following reaction: $2Al(s) + 3Cu^{2+}(aq) → 2Al^{3+}(aq) + 3Cu(s)$. Which species is the oxidizing agent?
In balancing the redox reaction: $MnO_4^−(aq) + Fe^{2+}(aq) → Mn^{2+}(aq) + Fe^{3+}(aq)$ in acidic solution, what is the coefficient of $H^+$?
In balancing the redox reaction: $MnO_4^−(aq) + Fe^{2+}(aq) → Mn^{2+}(aq) + Fe^{3+}(aq)$ in acidic solution, what is the coefficient of $H^+$?
Given the half-reactions:
$Zn(s) → Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2e^−$ $E° = +0.76 V$
$Cu^{2+}(aq) + 2e^− → Cu(s)$ $E° = +0.34 V$
Calculate the standard cell potential ($E°_{cell}$) for a voltaic cell using these half-reactions.
Given the half-reactions: $Zn(s) → Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2e^−$ $E° = +0.76 V$ $Cu^{2+}(aq) + 2e^− → Cu(s)$ $E° = +0.34 V$ Calculate the standard cell potential ($E°_{cell}$) for a voltaic cell using these half-reactions.
A mysterious element, Dagwoodium (Dg), is discovered in a meteorite. It can form stable oxides with formulas $DgO$ and $DgO_3$. Given that oxygen's oxidation number is -2, what are the possible oxidation states of Dagwoodium in these oxides, and what does this suggest about its potential behavior in redox reactions?
A mysterious element, Dagwoodium (Dg), is discovered in a meteorite. It can form stable oxides with formulas $DgO$ and $DgO_3$. Given that oxygen's oxidation number is -2, what are the possible oxidation states of Dagwoodium in these oxides, and what does this suggest about its potential behavior in redox reactions?
Which statement accurately describes the behavior of amphoteric substances?
Which statement accurately describes the behavior of amphoteric substances?
What is the function of water in the context of the Bronsted-Lowry definition?
What is the function of water in the context of the Bronsted-Lowry definition?
In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, what are the products?
In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, what are the products?
When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, what products are formed?
When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, what products are formed?
In a redox reaction, if a substance gains electrons, what process has it undergone?
In a redox reaction, if a substance gains electrons, what process has it undergone?
What is the oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds, with exceptions for peroxides?
What is the oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds, with exceptions for peroxides?
In balancing redox reactions in a basic medium, which of the following is used to balance hydrogen atoms?
In balancing redox reactions in a basic medium, which of the following is used to balance hydrogen atoms?
Which of the following processes involves redox reactions?
Which of the following processes involves redox reactions?
What is the conjugate acid of the base $NH_3$?
What is the conjugate acid of the base $NH_3$?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of redox reactions?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of redox reactions?
What role do electrons play in the process of oxidation?
What role do electrons play in the process of oxidation?
Which of the following is the oxidation number of hydrogen in metal hydrides?
Which of the following is the oxidation number of hydrogen in metal hydrides?
What must be ensured when balancing redox reactions?
What must be ensured when balancing redox reactions?
Which of the following equations represents a neutralization reaction?
Which of the following equations represents a neutralization reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a metal hydroxide reacting with an acid?
Which of the following is an example of a metal hydroxide reacting with an acid?
What is the role of a proton donor in the Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases?
What is the role of a proton donor in the Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases?
What is the oxidation number of carbon in the bicarbonate ion ($HCO_3^−$)?
What is the oxidation number of carbon in the bicarbonate ion ($HCO_3^−$)?
Which of the following is the strongest reducing agent?
Which of the following is the strongest reducing agent?
Given the incomplete redox reaction: $Cr_2O_7^{2−} + ... → 2Cr^{3+}$ in acidic solution. What is the balanced half-reaction?
Given the incomplete redox reaction: $Cr_2O_7^{2−} + ... → 2Cr^{3+}$ in acidic solution. What is the balanced half-reaction?
What product(s) form when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate?
What product(s) form when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate?
Which of the following compounds is a polyprotic acid?
Which of the following compounds is a polyprotic acid?
If $X$ has an oxidation state of +2 and forms a compound with oxygen, what is the likely formula of the compound?
If $X$ has an oxidation state of +2 and forms a compound with oxygen, what is the likely formula of the compound?
In the following reaction: $MnO_4^− + 5Fe^{2+} + 8H^+ → Mn^{2+} + 5Fe^{3+} + 4H_2O$. Which species is the oxidizing agent?
In the following reaction: $MnO_4^− + 5Fe^{2+} + 8H^+ → Mn^{2+} + 5Fe^{3+} + 4H_2O$. Which species is the oxidizing agent?
Predict which of the following acids will have the lowest pH at the same molar concentration.
Predict which of the following acids will have the lowest pH at the same molar concentration.
A newly synthesized element, Elementonium (Eo), forms a series of oxides. One of these oxides, $Eo_2O_5$, is found to be amphoteric. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, deduce the oxidation state of Elementonium in $Eo_2O_5$, and predict which of the following reactions it would most likely undergo under highly acidic conditions.
A newly synthesized element, Elementonium (Eo), forms a series of oxides. One of these oxides, $Eo_2O_5$, is found to be amphoteric. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, deduce the oxidation state of Elementonium in $Eo_2O_5$, and predict which of the following reactions it would most likely undergo under highly acidic conditions.
Which of the following is an early characteristic used to identify bases?
Which of the following is an early characteristic used to identify bases?
Which of the following best describes an amphiprotic substance?
Which of the following best describes an amphiprotic substance?
What products are typically formed in the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?
What products are typically formed in the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide?
During oxidation, what happens to a substance?
During oxidation, what happens to a substance?
What is the oxidation number of fluorine in its compounds?
What is the oxidation number of fluorine in its compounds?
In balancing redox reactions in an acidic medium, what is used to balance oxygen atoms?
In balancing redox reactions in an acidic medium, what is used to balance oxygen atoms?
Which of the following processes primarily involves the application of redox reactions?
Which of the following processes primarily involves the application of redox reactions?
What is the conjugate base of sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$)?
What is the conjugate base of sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$)?
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of redox reactions?
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of redox reactions?
What role do electrons play in the reduction process?
What role do electrons play in the reduction process?
What is the oxidation number of hydrogen when it is bonded to a metal in a metal hydride?
What is the oxidation number of hydrogen when it is bonded to a metal in a metal hydride?
Which of the following must be ensured when balancing redox reactions?
Which of the following must be ensured when balancing redox reactions?
Which equation represents a neutralization reaction?
Which equation represents a neutralization reaction?
What role does a proton donor play in the Bronsted-Lowry definition?
What role does a proton donor play in the Bronsted-Lowry definition?
What is the hydroxide ion concentration in a neutral solution at $25^\circ C$?
What is the hydroxide ion concentration in a neutral solution at $25^\circ C$?
Which of the following is the correct half-reaction for the oxidation of $Fe^{2+}$ to $Fe^{3+}$?
Which of the following is the correct half-reaction for the oxidation of $Fe^{2+}$ to $Fe^{3+}$?
Arrange the following acids in order of increasing strength: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$), Carbonic acid ($H_2CO_3$).
Arrange the following acids in order of increasing strength: Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$), Carbonic acid ($H_2CO_3$).
A newly discovered element, 'Mythium' (My), reacts with oxygen to form an oxide with the formula $My_2O_3$. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, what is the oxidation number of Mythium in this compound?
A newly discovered element, 'Mythium' (My), reacts with oxygen to form an oxide with the formula $My_2O_3$. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, what is the oxidation number of Mythium in this compound?
Which of the following reactions would NOT produce water as a product?
Which of the following reactions would NOT produce water as a product?
If a solution has a pOH of 12 at $25^\circ C$, what is the hydronium ion concentration?
If a solution has a pOH of 12 at $25^\circ C$, what is the hydronium ion concentration?
Consider the following unbalanced redox reaction: $MnO_4^(aq) + C_2O_4^{2}(aq) Mn^{2+}(aq) + CO_2(g)$ in acidic solution. What is the coefficient for $CO_2$ when the equation is properly balanced?
Consider the following unbalanced redox reaction: $MnO_4^(aq) + C_2O_4^{2}(aq) Mn^{2+}(aq) + CO_2(g)$ in acidic solution. What is the coefficient for $CO_2$ when the equation is properly balanced?
A scientist discovers a new element, Tentatium (Tt), which forms a series of oxides. One oxide, $TtO_2$, reacts with both strong acids and strong bases. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, what is the oxidation state of Tentatium in $TtO_2$, and what does this suggest about its chemical behavior?
A scientist discovers a new element, Tentatium (Tt), which forms a series of oxides. One oxide, $TtO_2$, reacts with both strong acids and strong bases. If oxygen has an oxidation number of -2, what is the oxidation state of Tentatium in $TtO_2$, and what does this suggest about its chemical behavior?
You have two solutions: Solution A has a pH of 3 using hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the solute, and Solution B has a pH of 3 using ethanoic acid ($CH_3COOH$) as the solute. Both solutions are prepared under the same conditions. Which statement is most accurate regarding the molar concentrations of HCl and $CH_3COOH$?
You have two solutions: Solution A has a pH of 3 using hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the solute, and Solution B has a pH of 3 using ethanoic acid ($CH_3COOH$) as the solute. Both solutions are prepared under the same conditions. Which statement is most accurate regarding the molar concentrations of HCl and $CH_3COOH$?
Given the half-reaction: $XO_3^(aq) + 6H^+(aq) + 6e^ X^{3}(aq) + 3H_2O(l)$. If the standard reduction potential ($E$) for this half-reaction is +1.50 V, and you have another half-cell with $Zn(s) Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2e^$ and $E = +0.76 V$, which of the following is the overall balanced redox reaction, and what is the $E_{cell}$ for the spontaneous reaction?
Given the half-reaction: $XO_3^(aq) + 6H^+(aq) + 6e^ X^{3}(aq) + 3H_2O(l)$. If the standard reduction potential ($E$) for this half-reaction is +1.50 V, and you have another half-cell with $Zn(s) Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2e^$ and $E = +0.76 V$, which of the following is the overall balanced redox reaction, and what is the $E_{cell}$ for the spontaneous reaction?
Flashcards
Early Definition of Acids
Early Definition of Acids
Substances identified by their sour taste.
Early Definition of Bases
Early Definition of Bases
Substances noted for their soapy feel and bitter taste.
Arrhenius Acids
Arrhenius Acids
Substances that increase the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution.
Arrhenius Bases
Arrhenius Bases
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids
Bronsted-Lowry Acids
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Bronsted-Lowry Bases
Bronsted-Lowry Bases
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Amphoteric Substances
Amphoteric Substances
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Amphiprotic Substances
Amphiprotic Substances
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Polyprotic Acid
Polyprotic Acid
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Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
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Neutralization Reaction
Neutralization Reaction
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Acid reacts with metal hydroxide
Acid reacts with metal hydroxide
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Acid reacts with metal oxide
Acid reacts with metal oxide
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Acid reacts with metal carbonate
Acid reacts with metal carbonate
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Redox Reactions
Redox Reactions
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Oxidation
Oxidation
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Reduction
Reduction
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Oxidation Number
Oxidation Number
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Oxidation Number of Pure element
Oxidation Number of Pure element
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Oxidation Number of Monatomic Ions
Oxidation Number of Monatomic Ions
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Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Neutral Molecule
Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Neutral Molecule
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Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Polyatomic Ions
Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Polyatomic Ions
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Oxidation Number of Oxygen
Oxidation Number of Oxygen
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Oxidation Number of Hydrogen
Oxidation Number of Hydrogen
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Oxidation Number of Fluorine
Oxidation Number of Fluorine
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What is an amphoteric substance?
What is an amphoteric substance?
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What is a redox reaction?
What is a redox reaction?
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What is Oxidation?
What is Oxidation?
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What is Reduction?
What is Reduction?
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How to identify a redox reaction
How to identify a redox reaction
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What is Balancing Redox Reactions?
What is Balancing Redox Reactions?
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First step to balacing redox reactions
First step to balacing redox reactions
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Balancing Oxygen Atoms
Balancing Oxygen Atoms
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Balancing Hydrogen Atoms in Acidic Medium
Balancing Hydrogen Atoms in Acidic Medium
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Balancing Hydrogen Atoms in Basic Medium
Balancing Hydrogen Atoms in Basic Medium
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Equalize the Number of Electrons
Equalize the Number of Electrons
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Combine the Half Reactions
Combine the Half Reactions
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Redox in Combustion
Redox in Combustion
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Redox in Respiration
Redox in Respiration
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Redox and Corrosion
Redox and Corrosion
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Redox in Electrochemistry
Redox in Electrochemistry
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Acids (Arrhenius)
Acids (Arrhenius)
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Bases (Arrhenius)
Bases (Arrhenius)
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Acids (Bronsted-Lowry)
Acids (Bronsted-Lowry)
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Bases (Bronsted-Lowry)
Bases (Bronsted-Lowry)
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First step in balancing redox reactions
First step in balancing redox reactions
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Balancing Redox Reactions
Balancing Redox Reactions
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Balancing Oxygen Atoms in Redox
Balancing Oxygen Atoms in Redox
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Balancing Hydrogen Atoms (Acidic)
Balancing Hydrogen Atoms (Acidic)
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Balancing Hydrogen Atoms (Basic)
Balancing Hydrogen Atoms (Basic)
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Study Notes
- Substances are classified as acids or bases in chemistry.
- Acids and bases are found in many household items and foods.
Common Acids and Bases
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
- Acetic (ethanoic) acid (CH3COOH)
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Ammonia (NH3)
Defining Acids and Bases
Early Definitions:
- Acids were initially identified by their sour taste.
- Bases were noted for their soapy feel and bitter taste.
Arrhenius Definition (1887):
- Acids increase the concentration of H3O+ ions in solution.
- Bases increase the concentration of OH− ions in solution.
Bronsted-Lowry Definition (1923):
- Acids are proton donors (give away protons H+).
- Bases are proton acceptors (take up protons H+).
Amphoteric Substances
- Amphoteric substances can act as both acids and bases, depending on the reaction.
- Water (H2O) can act as an acid (donating a proton) or as a base (accepting a proton).
- Amphiprotic substances can donate or accept protons (H+).
- Examples of amphiprotic substances: Water (H2O), hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3−), hydrogen sulfate ion (HSO4−).
Polyprotic Acids
- Polyprotic acids can donate more than one proton (H+).
- Example: Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can donate two protons.
- H2SO4(aq) + OH- → HSO4-(aq) + H2O (l)
- H2SO4(aq) + 2OH- → SO4^{2}(aq) + 2H2O (l)
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
- A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two species that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton.
Acid-Base Reactions
- The reaction between an acid and a base is known as a neutralization reaction.
- Often when an acid and base react, a salt and water will be formed.
- Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
- Hydrogen bromide reacts with potassium hydroxide: HBr (aq) + KOH (aq) → H2O (l) + KBr (aq)
- Hydrochloric acid reacts with ammonia: HCl (aq) + NH3(aq) → NH4Cl (aq)
Acid and Metal Hydroxide
- When an acid reacts with a metal hydroxide, a salt and water are formed.
- General equation: nH+(aq) + M(OH)n(aq) → nH2O (l) + M^{n+}(aq)
Acid and Metal Oxide
- When an acid reacts with a metal oxide, a salt and water are formed.
- General equation: 2yH+(aq) + MxOy(aq) → yH2O (l) + xM^{n+}(aq)
Acid and Metal Carbonate
- When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate, a salt, carbon dioxide, and water are formed.
- General equation: 2H+(aq) + MCO3(aq) → H2O (l) + CO2(g) + M^{2+}(aq)
Redox Reactions
- Redox reactions involve a transfer of electrons between two substances.
- Redox reactions are fundamental to metabolism, combustion, and corrosion.
- Understanding redox reactions involves recognizing the changes in oxidation states of the substances involved.
Oxidation and Reduction
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons; when a substance is oxidized, it increases its oxidation state.
- Reduction is the gain of electrons; when a substance is reduced, it decreases its oxidation state.
- Oxidation and reduction occur together, hence the name redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions; one substance loses electrons while another gains them.
Oxidation Numbers
- Oxidation numbers track electron transfer in redox reactions.
- The oxidation number is a hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds were completely ionic.
Rules for determining oxidation numbers:
- Elemental State: The oxidation number of any pure element (e.g., O2, H2, N2) is zero.
- Monatomic Ions: The oxidation number equals the charge of the ion (e.g., Na+ has +1, Cl has -1).
- Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Compounds: The sum must be zero for a neutral molecule.
- Sum of Oxidation Numbers in Polyatomic Ions: The sum must equal the ion's charge.
- Oxygen: Typically -2, except in peroxides (e.g., H2O2) where it is -1.
- Hydrogen: Usually +1, except in metal hydrides (e.g., NaH) where it is -1.
- Fluorine: Always -1 in compounds.
Determining Oxidation Numbers
- Assign known oxidation numbers (e.g., oxygen as -2, hydrogen as +1).
- Use the rule that the sum of oxidation numbers must match the overall charge.
- Solve for the unknown oxidation number.
Redox Reactions
- Redox reactions are characterized by a change in oxidation numbers.
To identify a redox reaction:
- Assign oxidation numbers to all elements in reactants and products.
- Identify elements that undergo a change in oxidation number.
- Determine which elements are oxidized and which are reduced.
Balancing Redox Reactions
- Balancing redox reactions involves ensuring that the number of electrons lost in oxidation equals the number of electrons gained in reduction.
Steps:
- Write the Half-Reactions: Separate the overall reaction into two half-reactions, one for oxidation and one for reduction.
- Balance Atoms in Each Half-Reaction: Balance all atoms except hydrogen and oxygen.
- Balance Oxygen Atoms: Add water molecules to balance oxygen atoms.
- Balance Hydrogen Atoms: In acidic solutions, add H+ ions; in basic solutions, add OH- ions.
- Balance the Charges: Add electrons to one side of each half-reaction to balance the charges.
- Equalize the Number of Electrons: Multiply half-reactions by coefficients so that the number of electrons lost equals the number of electrons gained.
- Combine the Half-Reactions: Add the half-reactions together, canceling out electrons and any other species that appear on both sides of the equation.
- Verify the Balance: Ensure that all atoms and charges are balanced in the final equation.
Acidic and Basic Medium Considerations
- In an acidic medium: Use H+ ions to balance hydrogen atoms, and water molecules to balance oxygen atoms.
- In a basic medium: Use OH- ions to balance hydrogen atoms, and water molecules to balance oxygen atoms.
Applications of Redox Reactions
- Combustion: Burning of fuels involves redox reactions where fuel is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
- Respiration: Biological redox process where glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
- Corrosion: Rusting of iron is a redox reaction.
- Electrochemistry: Batteries and electroplating involve redox reactions.
- Understanding redox reactions, oxidation numbers, and balancing these reactions is fundamental in chemistry, and provides insights into the behavior of substances during chemical reactions.
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