Acid-Base Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the Brønsted-Lowry theory?

  • It explains reactions involving non-protonic acids and bases
  • It explains the behavior of bases like NH3
  • It works in both aqueous and non-aqueous systems
  • It focuses only on proton transfer (correct)

    • Which theory of acids and bases is the broadest and most inclusive?

  • Arrhenius Theory
  • Lewis Theory (correct)
  • Brønsted-Lowry Theory

    • A strong acid completely ionizes in water.

    True

    A weak base completely ionizes in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a strong acid?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range for weak acids?

    <p>4-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for nitric acid?

    <p>HNO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a weak acid?

    <p>Acetic acid (CH3COOH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an amphoteric oxide?

    <p>It reacts with both acids and bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of a neutral solution?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which indicator changes color from colorless in acid to pink in base?

    <p>Phenolphthalein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general chemical equation for a neutralization reaction?

    <p>Acid + Base → Salt + Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Titration is a technique used to determine unknown ______ by reacting acids with bases.

    <p>concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key formula used in titration calculations?

    <p>C1V1 = C2V2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) that contribute to acid deposition?

    <p>Burning Fossil Fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of acid deposition?

    <p>Increased biodiversity in water bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liming lakes and soils is a mitigation strategy for acid deposition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a soluble salt?

    <p>It dissolves in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for the salt formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide?

    <p>NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A precipitation reaction occurs when two aqueous solutions react to form an insoluble solid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are spectator ions?

    <p>Ions that remain unchanged on both sides of a net ionic equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of insoluble salts in water treatment?

    <p>Removal of hardness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common use of insoluble salts in medicine?

    <p>X-ray imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soluble salts are often used in fertilizers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of laboratory titrations?

    <p>To determine the concentration of a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for hydrogen gas?

    <p>H2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of indicator is used to confirm the presence of chlorine gas?

    <p>Damp blue litmus paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for ammonia?

    <p>NH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reversible reactions can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the principle that explains how changes in conditions affect the position of equilibrium?

    <p>Le Chatelier's Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the position of equilibrium if the concentration of reactants is increased?

    <p>Shifts right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the position of equilibrium if the temperature is increased for an exothermic reaction?

    <p>Shifts left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the position of equilibrium if the pressure is increased in a system with fewer gas molecules on the product side?

    <p>Shifts right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A catalyst changes the position of equilibrium in a reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of the Haber process?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key raw materials used in the Haber process?

    <p>Nitrogen and Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Contact process is primarily used to produce what?

    <p>Sulfuric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of sulfuric acid in the agricultural sector?

    <p>Fertilizer production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acid rain is a major environmental hazard associated with the production of sulfuric acid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mole is a fundamental unit used to measure the amount of substance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Avogadro's number?

    <p>6.022 x 10^23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by one mole of that gas at STP.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relative molecular mass of a molecule is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in that molecule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the position of equilibrium in a reversible reaction?

    <p>Volume of the container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Arrhenius Theory

    • Defines acids as substances that produce H+ ions in water
    • Defines bases as substances that produce OH- ions in water
    • Simple and easy to understand
    • Focuses on aqueous solutions
    • Limitations: Only applies to water-based solutions, cannot explain substances like ammonia (NH3)

    Brønsted-Lowry Theory

    • Defines acids as proton (H+) donors
    • Defines bases as proton (H+) acceptors
    • Works in both aqueous and non-aqueous systems
    • Explains the behavior of bases like NH3
    • Limitations: Focuses only on proton transfer, does not explain reactions involving non-protonic acids and bases (e.g., BF3)

    Lewis Theory

    • Defines acids as electron pair acceptors
    • Defines bases as electron pair donors
    • The broadest definition, including all acid-base reactions
    • Explains reactions where no protons are involved
    • Limitations: More abstract and less intuitive, does not prioritize H+ ions

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    Description

    Explore the three main acid-base theories: Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis. Each theory is defined based on different criteria for acids and bases, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Understand how they differ and the applications in various contexts.

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