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Questions and Answers
Which clinical manifestation is NOT associated with metabolic alkalosis?
Which clinical manifestation is NOT associated with metabolic alkalosis?
What is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
What is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Which of the following conditions will most likely lead to respiratory acidosis?
Which of the following conditions will most likely lead to respiratory acidosis?
Which electrolyte imbalance is often associated with alkalosis?
Which electrolyte imbalance is often associated with alkalosis?
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Which of the following is a nursing management intervention for metabolic alkalosis?
Which of the following is a nursing management intervention for metabolic alkalosis?
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What results in elevated plasma levels of CO2?
What results in elevated plasma levels of CO2?
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Which condition is NOT typically associated with respiratory acidosis?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with respiratory acidosis?
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Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of chronic respiratory acidosis?
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of chronic respiratory acidosis?
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What is the typical pH level indicative of respiratory acidosis?
What is the typical pH level indicative of respiratory acidosis?
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What physiological changes might be observed in a patient with acute respiratory acidosis?
What physiological changes might be observed in a patient with acute respiratory acidosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of nurse management for a patient with acute respiratory acidosis?
Which of the following is NOT a component of nurse management for a patient with acute respiratory acidosis?
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What is the primary pH level that indicates respiratory alkalosis?
What is the primary pH level that indicates respiratory alkalosis?
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Which of the following causes can lead to respiratory alkalosis?
Which of the following causes can lead to respiratory alkalosis?
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What is the primary goal of hemodialysis?
What is the primary goal of hemodialysis?
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What clinical manifestation is linked with respiratory alkalosis?
What clinical manifestation is linked with respiratory alkalosis?
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Which method is NOT typically used for vascular access in hemodialysis?
Which method is NOT typically used for vascular access in hemodialysis?
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Which action should be taken to manage anxiety in a patient experiencing respiratory alkalosis?
Which action should be taken to manage anxiety in a patient experiencing respiratory alkalosis?
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What characterizes peritoneal dialysis compared to hemodialysis?
What characterizes peritoneal dialysis compared to hemodialysis?
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In the case of uncompensated respiratory acidosis, which values would you expect in blood tests?
In the case of uncompensated respiratory acidosis, which values would you expect in blood tests?
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Which of the following conditions is a known complication of peritoneal dialysis?
Which of the following conditions is a known complication of peritoneal dialysis?
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What characterizes partially compensated respiratory alkalosis?
What characterizes partially compensated respiratory alkalosis?
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What is the normal range for urine-specific gravity?
What is the normal range for urine-specific gravity?
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Which nursing action is essential for managing patients with respiratory disorders and potential fluid imbalance?
Which nursing action is essential for managing patients with respiratory disorders and potential fluid imbalance?
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What type of ventilation assistance is indicated if a patient with acute respiratory acidosis does not improve with other interventions?
What type of ventilation assistance is indicated if a patient with acute respiratory acidosis does not improve with other interventions?
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Why is albumin primarily monitored in normal urine findings?
Why is albumin primarily monitored in normal urine findings?
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What is the maximum protein excretion considered normal in urine per day?
What is the maximum protein excretion considered normal in urine per day?
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What is NOT a method used in peritoneal dialysis for fluid removal?
What is NOT a method used in peritoneal dialysis for fluid removal?
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When discussing urinary function changes with aging, which aspect is often observed?
When discussing urinary function changes with aging, which aspect is often observed?
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What is the normal range of urine osmolality?
What is the normal range of urine osmolality?
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What is one potential effect of using spermicides and certain contraceptives on urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
What is one potential effect of using spermicides and certain contraceptives on urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
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How can changes in estrogen levels during menopause affect women’s health?
How can changes in estrogen levels during menopause affect women’s health?
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Which of the following is a recommended hygiene practice to prevent UTIs?
Which of the following is a recommended hygiene practice to prevent UTIs?
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Which group of individuals is at a higher risk for developing UTIs?
Which group of individuals is at a higher risk for developing UTIs?
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What is one effective method to help prevent UTIs related to fluid intake?
What is one effective method to help prevent UTIs related to fluid intake?
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Which dietary approach is likely to help manage UTI symptoms?
Which dietary approach is likely to help manage UTI symptoms?
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What is the primary nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism?
What is the primary nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism?
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Which laboratory value is not a definitive indicator of kidney dysfunction?
Which laboratory value is not a definitive indicator of kidney dysfunction?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with an elevated BUN to creatinine ratio?
Which of the following conditions is associated with an elevated BUN to creatinine ratio?
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What is the normal range for creatinine levels in mg/dL?
What is the normal range for creatinine levels in mg/dL?
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Which bacteria is most commonly associated with urinary tract infections?
Which bacteria is most commonly associated with urinary tract infections?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of renal calculi?
What is a common clinical manifestation of renal calculi?
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Which nursing consideration is vital for managing renal calculi?
Which nursing consideration is vital for managing renal calculi?
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How can poor personal hygiene contribute to urinary tract infections?
How can poor personal hygiene contribute to urinary tract infections?
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What does GFR stand for and why is it important?
What does GFR stand for and why is it important?
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What dietary consideration is important for patients with renal calculi?
What dietary consideration is important for patients with renal calculi?
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Study Notes
Acid-Base Balance and Respiratory Disturbances
- Alkalosis characterized by pH greater than 7.45 and bicarbonate levels over 26 mEq/L.
- Causes of alkalosis often include vomiting, gastric suction, long-term diuretics, hyperaldosteronism, and Cushing’s syndrome.
- Hypokalemia can induce metabolic alkalosis.
- Clinical symptoms include respiratory depression, tachycardia, tingling in extremities, dizziness, tetany, ECG changes, and decreased GI motility.
- Management involves correcting the acid-base imbalance, restoring fluid volume with sodium chloride, and monitoring vital signs.
Respiratory Acidosis
- Defined by pH less than 7.35 and PaCO2 greater than 42 mm Hg, indicating inadequate ventilation.
- Common causes include pulmonary edema, overdose, atelectasis, pneumothorax, severe obesity, pneumonia, COPD, muscular dystrophy, and myasthenia gravis.
- Acute respiratory acidosis may cause increased pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, mental changes, and feelings of fullness in the head.
- Management strategies include improving ventilation, bronchodilators, antibiotics, hydration, and mechanical ventilation as needed.
Respiratory Alkalosis
- Characterized by a pH greater than 7.45 and PaCO2 less than 35.
- Causes often include anxiety, panic disorders, hypoxemia, salicylate intoxication, sepsis, and improper ventilator settings.
- Clinical symptoms may include lightheadedness, difficulty concentrating, numbness, tachycardia, and arrhythmias.
- Nursing management focuses on treating underlying conditions, using antianxiety agents, controlled breathing techniques, and patient education.
Geriatric Considerations in Fluid Management
- Older adults are at increased risk for both fluid deficit and excess, necessitating careful monitoring.
Compensatory Mechanisms for Acid-Base Balance
- Respiratory compensation: Hyperventilation for alkalosis and hypoventilation for acidosis.
- Renal compensation: The kidneys adjust bicarbonate and hydrogen ion levels in response to acid-base disturbances.
Understanding Acid-Base Status
- Uncompensated acid-base status means that pH is abnormal, while one of the compensatory factors remains normal.
- Partially compensated status involves both the primary problem and compensatory mechanism being abnormal.
Dialysis Procedures
- Hemodialysis: Used for acute illness management until kidney function returns; provides long-term support for chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
- Utilizes diffusion, osmosis, and ultrafiltration with established vascular access via arteriovenous fistulas or grafts.
- Peritoneal dialysis achieves the same goals with peritoneal membranes as semipermeable barriers for solute exchange; complications include peritonitis and leakage.
Urinary Function and Assessment
- Normal urine findings include protein levels under 150 mg/day, specific gravity between 1.005 and 1.025, and osmolality ranging from 200 to 800 mOsm/kg.
- BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) and creatinine levels help evaluate kidney function, hydration status, and should be assessed together for comprehensive understanding.
- Normal ranges: Creatinine 0.7-1.3 mg/dL, BUN 7-20 mg/dL, BUN:Creatinine ratio 10-20:1, GFR 60-100 mL/min.
Urinary Disorders and Infections
- Renal calculi often present with severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and blood in urine; patient education focuses on pain management and hydration.
- UTIs primarily caused by E. coli, with risk factors including sexual activity, poor hygiene, menopause, and urinary tract abnormalities.
- Prevention involves proper hygiene, hydration, regular urination, cotton underwear, post-coital urination, managing medical conditions, avoiding irritants, and considering cranberry products for potential benefits.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of acid-base balance, focusing on alkalosis and its causes such as vomiting, diuretics, and hormonal disorders. It also addresses clinical manifestations and related electrolyte imbalances. Test your knowledge on these important physiological processes.
