Acid-Base Balance in Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the pH range for normal blood acidity?

  • 7.0 to 6.9
  • 6.8 to 7.2
  • 7.35 to 7.45 (correct)
  • 7.0 to 7.8

    • Which condition is indicated by a blood pH lower than 7.35?

  • Alkalosis
  • Neutralization
  • Buffering
  • Acidosis (correct)

    • What does a neutral solution have on the pH scale?

  • pH of 5
  • pH of 8
  • pH of 7 (correct)
  • pH of 6

    • What happens if the blood pH exceeds 7.6?

    <p>It leads to alkalosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in hydrogen ions affect pH?

    <p>Decreases pH and makes the solution acidic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes volatile acids from nonvolatile acids in the body?

    <p>Volatile acids are in equilibrium with carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a nonvolatile acid?

    <p>Sulfuric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are nonvolatile acids primarily eliminated from the body?

    <p>Buffered by body proteins and eliminated by the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason the lungs do not eliminate nonvolatile acids?

    <p>The lungs only exhale volatile compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do most acids and bases in the body share?

    <p>They are primarily weak acids and bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of buffers in the body?

    <p>To neutralize strong acids and bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the major buffer system in the body?

    <p>Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal bicarbonate level in the body?

    <p>22 to 26 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pH of the body when the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio deviates from 20:1?

    <p>The pH may become too acidic or too alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body process is responsible for excreting carbonic acid?

    <p>The lungs through respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the respiratory center in the brain?

    <p>Controlling the rate of elimination of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the respiratory center detects excessive hydrogen ions?

    <p>Increased rate and depth of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect the body's compensatory ability?

    <p>It impairs compensatory ability due to decreased respiratory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to respiration when low levels of hydrogen ions are detected?

    <p>Respirations are decreased and carbon dioxide is retained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for compensation to occur in response to increased hydrogen ion concentration?

    <p>Minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor do the kidneys regulate to compensate for acid-base disturbances?

    <p>Hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome when the kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions?

    <p>Increased pH in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect the kidneys' ability to compensate for acid-base imbalances?

    <p>It reduces their compensatory effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of high pH, what adjustment do the kidneys make?

    <p>Reabsorb more hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dual role do the kidneys and lungs play in maintaining acid-base balance?

    <p>They regulate both acid and base levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH level indicates metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Below 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a bicarbonate concentration greater than 26 mEq/L?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to an acid-base imbalance due to inadequate compensation?

    <p>Compensatory mechanisms failing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increase in carbonic acid and decrease in bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary acid-base imbalance observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis due to CO2 retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential cause of metabolic acidosis related to uncontrolled diabetes?

    <p>Metabolizing fats leads to acidic ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition contributes to metabolic acidosis due to dietary restrictions?

    <p>Eating disorders or acute alcoholism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the kidneys play in metabolic acidosis when chronic renal failure occurs?

    <p>Inability to excrete hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a consequence of an increase in hydrogen ions in the context of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Lower pH levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common by-product produced during lipid metabolism in the development of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to systemic lactic acidosis?

    <p>Cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excessive exercise contribute to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Encourages anaerobic energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of salicylate toxicity in relation to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Direct acid production in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is associated with lactic acidosis due to mitochondrial damage?

    <p>Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does spironolactone have that can lead to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Conserves hydrogen ions in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to decreased bicarbonate levels in the body?

    <p>Severe diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excessive use of laxatives in relation to bicarbonate levels?

    <p>Decreased bicarbonate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of drugs can contribute to the loss of bicarbonate from the kidneys?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible effect of chemotherapy drugs on bicarbonate levels?

    <p>Inhibition of bicarbonate reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic condition can result from the excessive loss of bicarbonate?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct effect of bile acid sequestrant drugs on chloride ion levels?

    <p>They trigger the release of negatively charged chloride ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excessive administration of sodium chloride intravenous fluids affect chloride levels?

    <p>It leads to an increase in negatively charged chloride ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the outcomes of increased chloride ions in the blood?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism leads to metabolic acidosis following the use of bile acid sequestrant drugs?

    <p>Absorption of excess negatively charged chloride ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is most likely to cause an increase in metabolic acidosis due to chloride ions?

    <p>Rapid infusion of sodium chloride intravenous fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes metabolic alkalosis in patients who vomit excessively?

    <p>Decreased hydrogen ions in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly associated with the development of metabolic alkalosis due to chloride loss?

    <p>Furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does excessive use of sodium bicarbonate affect the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>Increases bicarbonate levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these can lead to metabolic alkalosis by reducing chloride ions?

    <p>Overuse of loop diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is NOT a typical cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Chronic kidney failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Narcotic overdose leading to decreased respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a cause of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Frequent high-intensity exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does airway blockage contribute to respiratory acidosis?

    <p>By preventing carbon dioxide exhalation, leading to its accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung disease is associated with respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs due to respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes respiratory alkalosis in the body?

    <p>Sustained hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to hyperventilation?

    <p>Severe anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormonal change is likely to contribute to respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Elevated thyroid hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does salicylate overdose affect respiration?

    <p>Stimulates the respiratory center in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological response is NOT associated with respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Inhibition of thyroid hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to result in increased acid production leading to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excessive use of laxative drugs?

    <p>Decreased bicarbonate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from excessive chloride intake via intravenous solutions?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with decreased acid excretion leading to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could lead to bicarbonate loss, potentially causing metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Intestinal fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by increased bicarbonate levels in the blood?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of acid loss leading to metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a potential consequence of hypokalemia in the context of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Increased bicarbonate retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive intake of which substance can directly contribute to metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Sodium bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might excessive bicarbonate administration lead to?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with acute respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of chronic respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these scenarios would NOT be classified as a cause of acute respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory condition is most often linked to chronic respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to acute respiratory acidosis due to respiratory failure?

    <p>Opiate overdose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT typically associated with respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hyperventilation that can lead to respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Anxiety-induced hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario can potentially trigger respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>High altitude exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early salicylate intoxication may result in respiratory alkalosis due to which mechanism?

    <p>Direct stimulation of the respiratory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about mechanical ventilation and respiratory alkalosis is true?

    <p>It can induce respiratory alkalosis if the settings are too high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary compensation mechanism of the lungs in response to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increasing the rate and depth of respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a method by which the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Conserving bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in arterial blood gases during metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Increased pH and increased HCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory action do the kidneys take in cases of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Excreting bicarbonate and conserving hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected change in the bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio during metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Decrease below 20:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes do the lungs make to compensate for metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increase the rate and depth of respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation do the kidneys make in response to respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Excrete bicarbonate and conserve hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on arterial blood gases during metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Increased pH and increased bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory mechanism is utilized by the kidneys during respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Conservation of bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the event of metabolic acidosis, which of the following occurs in arterial blood gas analysis?

    <p>Decreased pH and decreased HCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in respiratory acidosis concerning hydrogen ions and bicarbonate?

    <p>Excess hydrogen is excreted in urine and bicarbonate is retained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of metabolic alkalosis, how does the respiratory system respond?

    <p>By decreasing ventilation to retain carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of compensation when the pH partially returns to normal?

    <p>Partially compensated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences acid-base imbalances in critically ill patients?

    <p>Underlying causes and treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does renal function adjust in metabolic acidosis if compensation is occurring?

    <p>By increasing hydrogen ion excretion and retaining bicarbonate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of respiratory acidosis in patients?

    <p>Altered mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored closely in patients experiencing changes in acid-base balance?

    <p>Level of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with rapid administration of sodium bicarbonate?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic acidosis, particularly in cases of DKA, what is an important treatment approach?

    <p>Administer insulin and IV fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies can help alleviate anxiety related breathing difficulties?

    <p>Teach guided imagery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypoventilation have on blood gas levels?

    <p>Increased carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when managing a patient with acute respiratory distress?

    <p>Perform frequent respiratory assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from untreated tissue perfusion issues due to acid-base imbalance?

    <p>Cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chronic condition might lead to fluid imbalances and subsequent acid-base disturbances?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication-related factor is most likely to influence sodium and potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Antihypertensives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main focus should nurses emphasize in patient education regarding chronic illness management?

    <p>Adhere to medication and nutrition plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with fluid balance disturbances?

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can result from both overhydration and dehydration in relation to fluid balance?

    <p>Acid-base imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT essential to assess when identifying patients at risk for acid–base disturbances?

    <p>Patient's dietary preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate an underlying respiratory or metabolic problem in a patient?

    <p>Decreased level of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is least likely to correlate with a patient's diagnosis regarding acid–base imbalances?

    <p>Measuring blood hemoglobin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a nurse assess ventilatory abnormalities during a focused assessment?

    <p>By counting the patient's respirations for a full minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient condition is most likely to lead to significant acid–base disturbances?

    <p>Severe electrolyte imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to determine the underlying cause of acid-base imbalance in a patient?

    <p>A complete health history including medication usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom may indicate a change in acid-base balance during a physical examination?

    <p>Changes in skin color and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should fall precautions be implemented for patients with decreased level of consciousness (LOC)?

    <p>Decreased LOC can lead to disorientation and instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vital signs is NOT specifically listed as a measure during the assessment of acid-base balance?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do complementary health approaches play in assessing acid-base balance?

    <p>They can affect physiological components and impact health status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason arterial blood gases (ABGs) are preferred over venous or capillary blood for assessing acid-base balance?

    <p>Arterial blood reflects acid-base balance better than venous blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would venous blood gases be ordered instead of arterial blood gases?

    <p>When frequent ABGs have damaged arterial sampling sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific test must be performed before drawing arterial blood gases to ensure safety?

    <p>Modified Allen test for ulnar patency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important information about lung function can arterial blood provide?

    <p>It indicates the effectiveness of gas exchange in external respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood sample serves as an indicator of chronic serum retention, particularly when lung disease is chronic?

    <p>Serum metabolic panel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for applying pressure at the puncture site after drawing ABGs?

    <p>To reduce the risk of bleeding or bruising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guideline is suggested for routine surveillance of patients instead of using ABGs?

    <p>Pulse oximetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is authorized to draw blood gases according to the guidelines?

    <p>Respiratory therapists and specially trained HCPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in analyzing ABG results systematically?

    <p>Analyze each individual measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of overusing ABGs in clinical practice?

    <p>Increased healthcare costs and patient discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pulse oximetry primarily measure in the body?

    <p>Peripheral arterial oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT likely to cause false readings in pulse oximetry?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it especially important to obtain accurate readings from pulse oximetry in clinical settings today?

    <p>Fewer arterial blood gases (ABGs) are conducted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a clinician do if pulse oximetry readings appear inaccurate?

    <p>Consider an arterial blood gas analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the key limitation of pulse oximetry?

    <p>It can produce false readings under certain clinical conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pulse oximetry?

    <p>To assess peripheral arterial oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is pulse oximetry particularly indicated?

    <p>In cases of potential hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could lead to a false reading in a pulse oximetry test?

    <p>Carbon monoxide poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a clinician do if they suspect inaccurate pulse oximetry readings?

    <p>Obtain arterial blood for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas (ABG) results?

    <p>ABGs provide a detailed analysis that can confirm pulse oximetry results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by a partial pressure of carbon dioxide greater than 45 mmHg?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood?

    <p>80 to 100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure indicates the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decreased level of oxygen saturation below 95% indicate?

    <p>Hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of measuring oxygen saturation in patients?

    <p>To gauge oxygenation status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bicarbonate in blood pH regulation?

    <p>It serves as a chemical buffer to maintain pH balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which range is considered a normal anion gap?

    <p>8 to 16 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a base excess (BE) value indicate in arterial blood?

    <p>The overall level of bases in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the anion gap calculated?

    <p>Sodium - Chloride - Bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates metabolic alkalosis in terms of bicarbonate levels?

    <p>Bicarbonate level greater than 26 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an independent intervention that a nurse should perform for acid-base management?

    <p>Monitor intake and output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vital assessment should be included when evaluating a patient's condition related to acid-base imbalances?

    <p>Assessing respiratory and renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors should the nurse consider when taking a patient's health history for acid-base assessment?

    <p>Current medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information may need to be gathered from family or friends during the nurse's assessment in cases of severe distress?

    <p>Recent dietary preferences and exercise habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key reason for monitoring the oxygen saturation of a patient with suspected acid-base imbalances?

    <p>To determine respiratory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for administering insulin during collaborative management?

    <p>Continuous IV infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is potassium monitoring crucial during treatment?

    <p>To ensure electrolyte balance during hyperkalemia correction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common over-the-counter antacid drugs used to correct hyperacidity?

    <p>Sodium bicarbonate, aluminum hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious condition can result from severe untreated metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Myocardial depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antacid drugs primarily function in treating hyperacidity?

    <p>By neutralizing gastric acid locally in the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication inhibits gastric acid production and can be used to treat hyperacidity?

    <p>Proton pump inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of bicarbonate as a treatment for hyperacidity?

    <p>It neutralizes excessive gastric acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can excessive amounts of gastric acid lead to if not properly managed?

    <p>Heartburn and gastric ulcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to manage insulin levels in a patient undergoing collaborative management?

    <p>Continuous IV infusion adjusted by glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte requires careful monitoring when correcting hyperkalemia in a patient?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of proton pump inhibitors in managing gastric acid imbalance?

    <p>Inhibiting the proton pump to decrease acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of systemic acid-base imbalance, what type of treatment is required?

    <p>Systemic medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious condition can occur if severe metabolic acidosis remains untreated?

    <p>Multiorgan failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antacid drugs in relation to gastric acid?

    <p>Neutralize excessive gastric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable risk associated with the correction of hyperkalemia?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect or condition linked to hyperacidity in the stomach?

    <p>Heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition is intubation generally indicated for a patient experiencing respiratory distress?

    <p>pH less than 7.20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication when correcting chronic hypercapnia too quickly?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can be treated with BiPAP therapy without the need for immediate intubation?

    <p>Severe respiratory distress with acute respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to monitor patients receiving BiPAP therapy?

    <p>To prevent pneumothorax and hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is indicated for patients with hypoxemia to improve outcomes?

    <p>Supplemental oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Acid-base balance is crucial for homeostasis and cell function.
    • Acidity or alkalinity of a solution depends on hydrogen ion concentration.
    • High hydrogen ion concentration indicates acidity.
    • Low hydrogen ion concentration indicates alkalinity (or basicity).
    • pH measures hydrogen ion concentration.
    • The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
    • A pH of 7 is considered neutral.
    • A pH less than 7 is considered acidic.
    • A pH greater than 7 is considered alkaline or basic.
    • Normal blood pH is 7.4 (range 7.35-7.45); blood is slightly alkaline.
    • Normal pH signifies acid-base balance.
    • Acidosis occurs when blood pH is below 7.35.
    • Alkalosis occurs when blood pH is above 7.45.
    • Body's ability to tolerate alterations in acid-base levels is limited.
    • A pH below 7 or above 7.6, even briefly, can be fatal.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concept of acid-base balance and its significance for homeostasis and cell function. Understand the pH scale, its implications for blood pH, and the conditions of acidosis and alkalosis. Test your knowledge on how these factors affect overall health.

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