Acid-Base Balance in Human Body
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most immediate buffer system in the body?

  • Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering
  • Renal buffering or phosphate buffering
  • Respiratory buffering via CO2 elimination
  • Protein buffering or circulating blood buffering (correct)

    • What is the normal range for arterial pH in the human body?

  • 7.20 - 7.40
  • 7.50 - 7.70
  • 7.45 - 7.55
  • 7.35 - 7.45 (correct)

    • Which of the following buffer systems involves the exchange of bicarbonate ions at the kidneys?

  • Renal buffering or phosphate buffering (correct)
  • Respiratory buffering
  • Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering
  • Protein buffering

    • What is the process by which carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body?

    <p>Carbonic acid dissociates into water and carbon dioxide, which is then exhaled through the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is a compensatory mechanism that works closely with renal and protein buffering?

    <p>Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the device used by paramedics to monitor carbon dioxide elimination?

    <p>Capnograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide at the alveolar-capillary interface in the lungs?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Greek origin of the term 'capnography'?

    <p>Kapnos, meaning 'smoke'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following buffer systems is monitored by measuring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2 or EtCO2)?

    <p>Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of maintaining proper acid-base balance in the body?

    <p>To regulate the pH of body fluids and sustain life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can directly influence acid-base derangements in the body?

    <p>Diseases, dehydration, and trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hydrogen concentration and the pH number?

    <p>The higher the hydrogen concentration, the lower the pH number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hydrogen in the body?

    <p>To maintain cellular membranes and enzyme activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between potassium and acid-base balance?

    <p>Both potassium imbalances and acid-base imbalances can lead to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major source of acidic by-products in the body?

    <p>Cellular metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range for the human body?

    <p>7.35 to 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis in ill and injured patients?

    <p>Lactic acidosis from cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lactated Ringer's (LR) solution differ from Normal Saline (NS)?

    <p>NS exacerbates acidosis by causing hyperchloremic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way the body balances acids?

    <p>Actions of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of bicarbonate deficit or loss in the body?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of acid excess in the body?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following buffer systems in the body acts the quickest?

    <p>Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering (CO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the body's buffer systems?

    <p>CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidney's actions in the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>Excreting excess hydrogen ions (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic acidosis in ill and injured patients?

    <p>Lactic acidosis from cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Normal Saline (NS) and Lactated Ringer's (LR) solutions differ in their effect on acid-base balance?

    <p>NS exacerbates acidosis through hyperchloremic acidosis, while LR assists with less acidosis by providing sodium lactate that is metabolized to bicarbonate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way the body balances acids?

    <p>Actions of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following buffer systems in the body acts the quickest?

    <p>Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the body's buffer systems?

    <p>CO2 is converted to H2CO3, which then dissociates into H+ and HCO3- to buffer acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major source of acidic by-products in the body?

    <p>Cellular metabolism and the Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of maintaining proper acid-base balance in the body?

    <p>To ensure optimal enzyme function and cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hydrogen concentration and the pH number?

    <p>pH is a logarithmic scale that represents the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hydrogen concentration and the pH number?

    <p>As hydrogen concentration increases, pH number decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do acids play in the body?

    <p>Acids lower pH by providing ions (H+).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the buffer system in the body?

    <p>To prevent any changes in pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are carbonic acid and carbon dioxide related in the body?

    <p>Carbon dioxide is a by-product of carbonic acid breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to potassium concentrations in acid-base imbalances?

    <p>Potassium imbalances can lead to acid-base imbalances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can influence acid-base derangements?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hydrogen for cellular membranes and enzyme activities?

    <p>Hydrogen maintains cellular membranes and enzyme activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are acid-base balance and pH crucial for life and health?

    <p>&quot;They help sustain life by maintaining stability in bodily functions.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering in the body?

    <p>Facilitating the exchange of carbon dioxide at the alveolar-capillary interface in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of waveform capnography in the context of monitoring acid-base balance?

    <p>Graphically representing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) during expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is involved in the conversion of carbonic acid (H2CO3) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) during carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of renal buffering or phosphate buffering in the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>Exchanging bicarbonate ions for hydrogen ions at the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the body's buffer systems?

    <p>H2CO3 is formed by the combination of CO2 and water (H2O) in the presence of carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of protein buffering or circulating blood buffering in the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>Plasma proteins neutralize excess hydrogen ions (H+) by donating protons, forming weak acids that are excreted by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>Excreting excess hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions to maintain proper pH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between potassium and acid-base balance in the body?

    <p>Increased potassium levels lead to metabolic acidosis by promoting the retention of hydrogen ions (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the protein buffering system in maintaining the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>To neutralize excess acids through the binding of hydrogen ions to circulating proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in regulating the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>To excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the body's buffer systems?

    <p>CO2 is converted to H2CO3, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following buffer systems in the body acts the quickest to respond to changes in acid-base balance?

    <p>Protein (circulating blood) buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the base excess or base deficit (BE/BD) value and the severity of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>The more negative the BE/BD value, the more severe the metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of waveform capnography in the context of monitoring acid-base balance?

    <p>To measure the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between potassium and acid-base balance in the body?

    <p>Potassium levels are closely linked to the body's ability to maintain proper pH through renal and respiratory mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in critically ill and injured patients?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for CO2 transport in the blood?

    <p>Renal buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is NOT commonly associated with elevated levels of ammonia in the body?

    <p>Epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of acid elimination through protein buffering?

    <p>Hemorrhaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nephron is primarily responsible for regulating H+ and HCO3-?

    <p>Tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In acid-base balance, what is the primary function of the kidneys?

    <p>Maintaining electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in patients with liver diseases?

    <p>Cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system in the body is primarily responsible for maintaining CO2 balance through urine excretion?

    <p>Ammonia excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bicarbonate in the renal system?

    <p>Maintaining CO2 levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is MOST likely to cause respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Altitude acclimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>To directly neutralize excess hydrogen ions and raise the blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the body's buffer systems?

    <p>CO2 and H2CO3 exist in a dynamic equilibrium, with the ratio between the two determined by the partial pressure of CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary function of the body's buffer systems in maintaining acid-base balance?

    <p>To rapidly neutralize excess hydrogen ions and prevent dramatic changes in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Normal Saline (NS) and Lactated Ringer's (LR) solutions differ in their effect on acid-base balance?

    <p>NS is more acidic and can contribute to metabolic acidosis, while LR is more alkaline and can help correct metabolic acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering in the body's acid-base balance?

    <p>To rapidly neutralize excess hydrogen ions and prevent dramatic changes in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most immediate buffer system in the body for regulating acid-base balance?

    <p>Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of maintaining proper acid-base balance in the body?

    <p>To ensure optimal cellular function and metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major source of acidic by-products in the body that can contribute to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hydrogen concentration and the pH number?

    <p>pH is directly proportional to the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, with a higher pH indicating a lower hydrogen ion concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the respiratory system in acid-base balance?

    <p>To regulate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) by controlling the rate of exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>Buildup of ketone bodies due to impaired glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

    <p>To reabsorb or excrete bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in acid-base balance?

    <p>To neutralize excess hydrogen ions by forming carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of lactic acidosis?

    <p>Buildup of lactic acid due to tissue hypoxia or impaired cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary role of the protein buffer system in acid-base balance?

    <p>To neutralize excess hydrogen ions by binding them to plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Prolonged vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acid-Base Balance

    • The “power of hydrogen” pH is changing every minute
    • Acid-Base is CRUCIAL to sustaining life and maintaining health
    • The body regulates pH by a buffer system
    • Acid-Base derangements may be influenced by: • Diseases • Dehydration • Decrease in urine elimination • Shock • Trauma • Cardiovascular assaults

    pH Scale

    • Acid: pH < 7.35
    • Neutral: pH = 7
    • Base: pH > 7.45
    • pH 7.35 - 7.45: Normal range

    Buffer Systems

    • 3 major buffer systems:
      1. Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate buffering (CO2) • Exchanged at the lungs • Acts in seconds to minutes • Only temporary
      2. Protein buffering or circulating blood • Exchanged during circulation at the capillaries • Most common of acid illumination • Acts immediately
      3. Renal buffering or Phosphate buffing (Hco3) • Exchanged at the kidneys • Takes hours to days but very effective

    Acid-Base Derangements

    • Metabolic acidosis: • Lactic acidosis released during cellular metabolism (Krebs Cycle) production of ATP • Can be localized or systemic
    • Respiratory acidosis: • Causes:
      • Hypoxia
      • Respiratory diseases
      • COPD
      • Bronchospasm
      • Asthma • Symptoms:
      • Dyspnea
      • Headache
      • Fatigue
      • Confusion
      • Seizures
    • Metabolic alkalosis: • Causes:
      • Vomiting
      • Diuretic use
      • Adrenal gland disorders
      • Eating disorders • Symptoms:
      • Muscle weakness
      • Numbness or tingling in the face, hands, and feet
      • Seizures
      • Headache
      • Confusion
    • Respiratory alkalosis: • Causes:
      • Hyperventilation
      • Anxiety
      • Pain
      • Infection • Symptoms:
      • Dizziness
      • Lightheadedness
      • Tingling or numbness in the face, hands, and feet
      • Muscle weakness
      • Seizures

    Capnography

    • Monitor CO2 elimination
    • Normal ranges: • EtCO2: 35-45 mmHg • PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg

    Pathophysiology

    • Two influencing factors to pH:
      1. Metabolic related to Kidney function (HCo3-)
      2. Respiratory related to Lung function (CO2)
    • Test by Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) or Venous Blood Gas (VBG)
    • Treatment is to find the underlying condition
    • pH is used as a tool to evaluate treatment regimens

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    Description

    Learn about the importance of acid-base balance in the human body, how pH is regulated through buffer systems, and factors influencing acid-base derangements like diseases, dehydration, and shock. Understand the relationship between hydrogen concentration and pH levels.

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