Questions and Answers
What is achieved status?
What is ascribed status?
What defines a primary group?
Intimate, face-to-face relationships
Formal social control attempts to ____ certain behaviors and visibly punish others.
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Informal social control refers to ____ means of sanctioning deviance.
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What is a sanction?
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What was Stanley Milgram's experiment about?
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According to Durkheim, what are the functions of deviance?
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What does cultural transmission refer to?
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What is meritocracy?
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Define absolute poverty.
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What are life chances?
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What is endogamy?
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Define polyandry.
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What is a dual economy?
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Describe the caste system.
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What is deferred gratification?
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Define patriarchy.
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What is the federal poverty line?
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What does submissive mean?
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What is a functionalist?
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What is social capital?
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What is monogamy?
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Define cultural capital.
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What is differential association?
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What does Opportunity Theory state?
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Study Notes
Achieved and Ascribed Status
- Achieved status reflects a social position obtained through merit, effort, and personal choice.
- Ascribed status is assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life, not based on ability or choice.
Primary Group
- Defined by intimate and face-to-face relationships.
- Crucial for social life and cultural development; typically includes family and close friends.
Social Control
- Formal social control involves official mechanisms for enforcing norms and punishing undesirable behavior.
- Informal social control comprises everyday social interactions that regulate deviance without official sanctioning.
Sanctions
- Sanctions compel adherence to laws or rules, acting as a form of social control.
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
- A landmark study in psychology showing that 2/3 of participants administered the maximum shock of 450 volts when instructed, highlighting the power of authority.
Durkheim's View on Deviance
- Deviance affirms cultural norms, reinforcing societal definitions of acceptable behavior through observable punishment of deviant acts.
Cultural Transmission
- The mechanism through which cultural values, beliefs, and practices are passed from one generation to another.
Meritocracy
- A system where leadership and power are based on individual ability and merit rather than wealth or social class.
Poverty and Life Chances
- Absolute poverty refers to the baseline income necessary for health and survival.
- Life chances reflect the opportunities available for individuals to achieve goals and improve their quality of life.
Marriage Systems
- Endogamy refers to marriage within the same social category.
- Polyandry involves one female marrying multiple males.
Economic Structures
- Dual economy indicates the presence of two distinct economic systems within one country, prevalent in underdeveloped regions.
Caste System
- A social stratification system in Hinduism that dictates all aspects of life based on one's caste.
Deferred Gratification
- The practice of postponing immediate pleasure or satisfaction for the hope of greater reward in the future.
Social Organization
- Patriarchy denotes a societal structure where males hold dominant positions over females.
Poverty Metrics
- The federal poverty line serves as an absolute measure to classify individuals or families as poor based on income levels.
Submissiveness
- Characterized by a voluntary compliance or obedience to another, often reflecting humility.
Functionalism
- A psychological perspective focusing on the purpose and function of consciousness rather than its structural elements.
Social Capital
- The networks of relationships that facilitate mutual support and cooperation among individuals in a society.
Monogamy
- A marital structure allowing an individual to be married to only one partner at a time.
Cultural Capital
- Refers to non-financial social assets that can help individuals advance in social mobility, such as education and cultural knowledge.
Differential Association
- A theory proposing that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others who engage in illegal activities.
Opportunity Theory
- Suggests that deviance occurs when individuals have access to opportunities for illegitimate means alongside legitimate ones.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concepts of achieved and ascribed status with these flashcards. Developed by anthropologist Ralph Linton, these terms describe social positions based on merit and birth assignment. Perfect for students of sociology or anthropology.
