Acetylcholine and Cholinergic System

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What is the primary purpose of acetylcholine in the nervous system?

Short distance signaling

Neurotransmission regulation

Synaptic plasticity modulation

Long distance signaling (correct)

What type of receptors are nicotinic AChRs classified as?

G-protein coupled receptors

Tyrosine kinase receptors

Ligand-gated ion channels (correct)

Cytokine receptors

Which of the following brain regions is NOT a major cholinergic nucleus?

Cerebellum (correct)

Thalamus

Hippocampus

Caudate nucleus

What is the role of vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) in ACh synthesis?

Taking up ACh into vesicles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of nicotinic AChRs on CNS neurons?

Fast depolarization (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system?

Breaking down ACh (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with the cholinergic system?

Multiple sclerosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing ACh from acetyl-CoA and choline?

Choline acetyltransferase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of partial agonists like varenicline in nicotine dependency?

Prevents withdrawal symptoms without providing euphoric effect (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil on ACh levels?

Prolongs duration of ACh in synaptic cleft (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscarinic drugs is used for motion sickness?

Hyocine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease?

mAChRs (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which CNS disease is associated with mAChRs?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the S247F mutation in alpha 4 subunit of nAChRs in ADNFLE?

Increased desensitization of the channel (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic target for drug dependency?

nAChRs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor channelopathy is autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE)?

nAChR channelopathy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the S247F mutation in alpha 4 subunit of nAChRs on calcium release?

Decreases calcium release (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of muscarinic AChRs on potassium channels during slow depolarization?

They switch off potassium channels, mitigating depolarization. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calcium-activated potassium channels in the context of slow hyperpolarization?

To cause hyperpolarization by releasing potassium ions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical subunit composition of nicotinic ACh receptors in the CNS?

2 alpha and 3 beta, or alpha only homopentamers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscarinic AChR subtypes is typically found postsynaptically and is Gq-coupled?

M1, M3, and M5. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of nicotine on dopamine levels in the mesocorticolimbic pathways?

It increases dopamine levels, leading to an increase in reward processing. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the novel analgesic that acts on nicotinic AChRs?

Epibatidine. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between smoking and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease?

Smoking is associated with a decreased incidence of Alzheimer's disease. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between nicotinic and muscarinic AChRs?

Nicotinic AChRs are ligand-gated channels, while muscarinic AChRs are GPCRs. (D) Signup and view all the answers