Cholinergic System Overview

False (B)

Neuromuscular junction

<p>bethanechol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine = Choline ester Muscarine = Alkaloid Bethanechol = Choline ester Pilocarpine = Alkaloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Botulinum toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fast</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscarine = Mimics parasympathetic nerve discharge Nicotinic = Stimulates autonomic ganglia M1 subtype = Cognitive function M2 subtype = Inhibition of neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesamicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bethanechol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relief of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>paralytic ileus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbachol = Treatment of Glaucoma Methacholine = Relief of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia Bethanechol = Post-operative gastric distension Acetylcholine = Neuromuscular transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes contraction of skeletal muscle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acetylcholine (Ach) is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the parasympathetic nervous system. It is synthesized, stored, and released by cholinergic nerves.

Cholinergic nerves are those that synthesize, store, and release acetylcholine (Ach).

Ach is released at various sites throughout the body, including autonomic ganglia (pre-ganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems), post-ganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings, sweat glands (sympathetic post-ganglionic nerve endings), skeletal muscles (somatic nerve endings), adrenal medulla, and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

Hemicholinium blocks the uptake of choline into the axoplasm, while Vesamicol disrupts the transport of Ach into synaptic vesicles.

Botulinum toxin inhibits the release of Ach from nerve endings. It is used therapeutically to alleviate spasms in spastic disorders and reduce facial wrinkles.

Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that rapidly hydrolyzes acetylcholine (Ach) at all cholinergic sites. Its primary function is to terminate the action of Ach.

Butrylcholinesterase (Pseudocholinesterase) is a nonspecific enzyme present in plasma that hydrolyzes Ach but at a slower pace compared to Acetylcholinesterase.

Muscarinic receptors are cholinergic receptors that are stimulated by the alkaloid muscarine. These receptors are found at target organs innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

M1 receptors are found in ganglia and gastric parietal cells. They facilitate impulse transmission from preganglionic axons to ganglion cells and mediate gastric acid secretion.

M2 receptors primarily affect the heart. They slow down the heart rate by opening potassium channels in sinoatrial pacemaker cells, extending the time between heartbeats.

Found in glandular epithelia and smooth muscle, M3 receptors promote secretion and smooth muscle contraction. They also play a role in vasodilation by stimulating nitric oxide release from endothelial cells.

NM cholinoceptors (nicotinic) are located at the neuromuscular junction, where they trigger muscle contraction.

NN cholinoceptors (nicotinic) are located in autonomic ganglia, facilitating the transmission of signals from preganglionic neurons to postganglionic neurons.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter responsible for triggering muscle contractions and influencing various other physiological processes. It is broken down rapidly by cholinesterase.

Bethanechol is a cholinergic drug that targets M3 receptors, primarily used to treat urinary retention.

Carbachol is a cholinergic drug that targets both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. It has various applications, including stimulating bowel movements and reducing intraocular pressure.

The facial area that receives signals from the parasympathetic nervous system via acetylcholine (Ach).

When bronchial smooth muscle contracts, it leads to narrowing of the airways, making it harder to breathe.

The detrusor muscle in the bladder wall contracts, while the trigone (the bladder neck) and sphincter relax, allowing urine to flow out.

Glands throughout the body, like sweat glands, salivary glands, and tear glands, are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Acetylcholine (Ach) released at the neuromuscular junction causes skeletal muscle fibers to contract, leading to movement.

Drugs that act like acetylcholine (Ach) by mimicking its effects on various receptors throughout the body. They are often used to treat specific medical conditions.

A drug that has both muscarinic and nicotinic effects on the body. It's used to treat conditions like glaucoma, but can cause side effects like flushing, sweating, and heart rate changes.

A synthetic cholinergic drug used to treat paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. It primarily affects the heart (CVS), but can also have some effects on other systems like the lungs.