GIT anatomy - accessory organs
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of parotid salivary glands?

  • Production of a mucous secretion for lubrication
  • Secretion of a mixture of buffers, mucins, and salivary amylase
  • Production of a serous secretion rich in salivary amylase (correct)
  • Secretion of a watery fluid containing digestive enzymes

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the tongue?

  • Secretion of digestive enzymes for protein breakdown (correct)
  • Sensory analysis of food through taste and texture
  • Manipulation of food during chewing and swallowing
  • Mechanical processing of food

    • What is the primary composition of saliva?

  • Mostly enzymes, with a significant proportion of water
  • Mainly water, with trace amounts of electrolytes and enzymes (correct)
  • Approximately 60% water, 40% electrolytes, and various enzymes
  • A mixture of equal parts water, electrolytes, and digestive enzymes

    • Which of the following is NOT a surface of the liver?

    <p>Lateral surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which salivary gland is responsible for producing the largest volume of saliva?

    <p>Submandibular salivary glands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of salivary amylase?

    <p>Breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the gums?

    <p>Gingivitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition characterized by a short lingual frenulum, restricting tongue movement?

    <p>Ankyloglossia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures does NOT directly contribute to the stabilization of the liver within the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Hepatic portal vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hepatorenal recess?

    <p>Acting as a drainage pathway for excess peritoneal fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the hepatic lymph nodes and the liver's lymphatic drainage?

    <p>The hepatic lymph nodes exclusively drain the anterior part of the liver, while the posterior part drains into the phrenic and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the porta hepatis in liver function?

    <p>It provides a passageway for the entry of hepatic arteries and portal vein and the exit of hepatic ducts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT directly associated with the visceral surface of the liver?

    <p>Falciform ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the hepatic portal system?

    <p>Hepatic artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for secreting insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The common hepatic duct is formed by the union of which two structures?

    <p>Left and right hepatic ducts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The splenic vein receives blood from all of the following structures EXCEPT:

    <p>Head of the pancreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for storing and concentrating bile?

    <p>Gall bladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ligaments connects the spleen to the left kidney?

    <p>Splenorenal ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pancreas is TRUE?

    <p>The pancreas is a major component of the digestive system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vessels supplies blood to the head of the pancreas?

    <p>Gastroduodenal artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT directly involved in the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder?

    <p>Cystic artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of a compromised hepatic portal vein?

    <p>Reduced bile production by the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the regulation of blood clotting by the liver is CORRECT?

    <p>The liver processes iron from dietary sources to synthesize clotting factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios would MOST LIKELY lead to the development of jaundice?

    <p>A blockage in the common bile duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the liver lobule and the bile canaliculi?

    <p>The liver lobule is a functional unit of the liver that contains multiple bile canaliculi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would directly impair the ability of the liver to regulate glucose levels in the blood?

    <p>A loss of functional hepatocytes within the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following BEST describes the function of the cystic duct?

    <p>It connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the liver and its role in digestion is FALSE?

    <p>The liver produces enzymes that directly break down proteins in the small intestine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Subphrenic recess

    Space separating liver and diaphragm, divided by falciform ligament.

    Hepatorenal recess

    Also known as Morison's pouch; space between the liver and right kidney.

    Porta hepatis

    Entry point for hepatic arteries and portal vein, and exit for hepatic ducts.

    Liver ligaments

    Structures that stabilize the liver by connecting it to surrounding organs.

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    Hepatic blood supply

    Liver receives arterial blood from hepatic arteries and venous blood from portal vein.

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    Accessory organs of digestion

    Organs that assist in the digestive process, including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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    Salivary glands

    Glands that produce saliva, aiding in lubrication, taste, and digestion.

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    Liver

    The largest internal organ, involved in metabolism and detoxification, located primarily in the right hypochondrium.

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    Tongue functions

    The tongue is involved in mechanical processing, food manipulation, sensory analysis, and secretion of enzymes.

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    Salivary amylase

    An enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of starches in the mouth.

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    Composition of saliva

    Saliva consists of 99.4% water and 0.6% electrolytes, enzymes, and mucins.

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    Types of papillae on the tongue

    Filiform, circumvallate, and fungiform papillae that contain taste buds and provide texture.

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    Gingivitis

    An inflammation of the gums, often resulting from plaque buildup and can cause oral health issues.

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    Hepatic Plexus

    Nerve network innervating the liver, with sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

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    Functions of the Liver

    More than 200 functions categorized into metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, and bile production.

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    Metabolic Regulation

    Liver's role in storing nutrients, releasing glucose, and processing metals and cholesterol.

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    Hematological Regulation

    Production of blood proteins, processing iron, clearing drugs, and regulating clotting.

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    Bile Production

    Liver generates bile, which aids in digestion and waste removal by breaking down fats.

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    Liver Lobule

    Functional unit of the liver, responsible for carrying out liver functions and producing bile.

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    Gallbladder Anatomy

    Organ with three parts: fundus, body, and neck; stores and concentrates bile from the liver.

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    Biliary Tree

    Network of bile ducts that transport bile from liver lobules to the gallbladder and intestine.

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    Common hepatic duct

    Formed by the merging of the hepatic ducts, it carries bile from the liver.

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    Bile duct

    Formed by the union of common hepatic duct and cystic duct, it transports bile to the duodenum.

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    Pancreatic duct

    Duct that carries digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the duodenum.

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    Endocrine function of pancreas

    Secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islets to regulate blood glucose levels.

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    Exocrine function of pancreas

    Secretion of digestive enzymes from acinar cells into the small intestine for digestion.

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    Spleen location

    Located in the left hypochondrium of the abdomen, against the diaphragm.

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    Greater pancreatic artery

    Artery supplying blood to the pancreas, a branch of the splenic artery.

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    Gastrosplenic ligament

    Connects the spleen to the greater curvature of the stomach, containing blood vessels.

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    Study Notes

    Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

    • The digestive system has accessory organs, which assist in digestion
    • The accessory organs include:
      • Contents of the oral cavity (teeth)
      • Liver
      • Gall bladder
      • Pancreas
      • Spleen (not a digestive system organ)

    Teeth

    • Teeth are essential for mastication
    • Primary teeth erupt at various ages (in months), with central incisors emerging between 6-7.5 months, lateral incisors around 7 months and so on.
    • Permanent teeth erupt later, with central incisors typically appearing between 6-8 years of age and so on.

    Gingivitis and Tooth Decay

    • Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition of the gums, characterized by redness and swelling.
    • Tooth decay or caries is a gradual destruction of tooth enamel, usually caused by bacterial action and an accumulation of plaque.

    Tongue

    • The tongue plays various vital roles in the digestive and sensory function.
    • The tongue is an incredibly diverse organ, playing critical roles in both the digestive and sensory functions
    • The tongue functions include mechanical processing of food, manipulation of food, sensory analysis—touch, temperature, and taste receptors, secretion of mucins and enzyme lingual lipase.
    • Anatomical features include lingual frenulum, oral part (⅔ anterior), oral vestibule, and pharyngeal part (⅓ posterior) with structures such as fungiform papillae, circumvallate papillae, foliate papillae and filiform papillae
    • Its functions include:
      • Mechanical processing of food
      • Food manipulation
      • Gustatory/taste perception
      • Sensory analysis (touch, temperature)

    Salivary Glands

    • Salivary glands produce saliva
    • Saliva is comprised of 70% Submandibular, 25% Parotid and 5% Sublingual fluid
    • Saliva is primarily water, with electrolytes, buffers, mucins, antibodies, and enzymes.
    • Salivary functions include lubrication, buffering, dissolving food for taste identification, initiating starch digestion using the enzyme amylase

    Liver

    • The liver sits mostly in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, extending into the left upper quadrant, and is positioned beneath the diaphragm
    • The liver features a diaphragmatic surface, contacting the diaphragm and two lobes are visible, right and left, separated by the falciform ligament.
    • Hepatorenal recess (Morison's pouch) is a part of the peritoneal cavity on the right between the right kidney and liver.
    • It has a visceral surface, primarily covered by visceral peritoneum. However, this surface shows the fossa for the gallbladder, and the various lobes.

    Liver Ligaments

    • Falciform ligament, coronary ligament (anterior and posterior), triangular ligaments (left and right), and lesser omentum stabilize the liver, connecting it to surrounding structures.

    Liver Blood Supply and Venous Drainage

    • The porta hepatis is where hepatic arteries and portal veins enter the liver and where hepatic ducts exit, crucial for blood and bile flow.
    • Arterial blood arrives from the right and left hepatic arteries, stemming from the hepatic artery proper.
    • Venous blood arrives from the hepatic portal vein to support detoxification.
    • Hepatic veins drain blood into the inferior vena cava to complete the venous circuit.
    • The liver filters blood. Lymphatic drainage occurs in the hepatic lymph nodes and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes.

    Main Functions of the Liver

    • Liver plays a vital role in metabolic regulation (storage of iron, lipids, heavy metals; release of glucose; storage and release of cholesterol), hematological regulation (production of plasma proteins like fibrinogen, prothrombin and clearance of drugs and regulation of blood clotting), bile production (breaks down fats for digestion)

    Gall Bladder

    • The gallbladder is a small sac-like organ on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver, in a fossa between the right and quadrate lobes
    • The gallbladder has three main parts: fundus (most rounded end projecting from liver), body (major part in fossa—often near transverse colon and duodenum), and neck (narrow portion with folds called spiral folds).
    • The gallbladder receives blood from the cystic artery, a branch of the right hepatic artery
    • The cystic vein drains into the right hepatic vein which then drains into the hepatic portal vein
    • The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

    Biliary Tree

    • Bile synthesis begins in the liver lobules.
    • Bile is collected into the bile canaliculi, then drains into the right and left hepatic bile ducts.
    • These ducts merge to form the common hepatic duct.
    • The common hepatic duct fuses with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct.
    • The common bile duct travels posteriorly to the duodenum, where it joins the pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum descending part.

    Pancreas

    • The pancreas is located mostly posterior to the stomach, consisting of - head (within the C-shaped concavity of the duodenum), neck (anterior to superior mesenteric vessels), body (elongate from the neck to tail), and tail (between the splenorenal ligament layers).
    • The blood supply to the pancreas includes the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (branching from the gastroduodenal artery and the superior mesenteric artery), and the splenic artery.
    • The head of the pancreas receives blood from the superior mesenteric branches of the hepatic portal vein.
    • The pancreas plays dual roles:
    • Endocrine (insulin and glucagon production)
    • Exocrine (pancreatic juice secretion—including digestive enzymes)

    Spleen

    • The spleen is not a digestive organ, but part of the lymphatic system, located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
    • Located beneath the diaphragm, between ribs IX and X, posterior to the stomach, and is connected by:
    • Gastrosplenic ligament (short gastric and gastro-omental vessels)
    • Splenorenal ligament (splenic vessels)
    • Visceral peritoneum covers the spleen, except the hilum, which is the entrance point for splenic vessels and occasionally the pancreas tail.
    • Blood supply is from the splenic artery branching to several regions, which drains into the splenic vein, then to the superior mesenteric vein.

    Abdominal Wall Muscles

    • The abdominal wall muscles include the external oblique, rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis, along with the linea alba (central tendon band) and arcuate line. These muscles support the viscera and play a role in respiration..

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    Description

    This quiz explores the accessory organs of the digestive system, including their functions and importance. Delve into the roles of teeth, the liver, gall bladder, and other essential components. Test your knowledge on conditions like gingivitis and tooth decay.

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