Accessory Muscles of Respiration
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Questions and Answers

What are the accessory muscles involved in forced inspiration?

  • Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles (correct)
  • Internal intercostal muscles
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Diaphragm

    • How does the contraction of the accessory muscles of expiration affect the expiration time?

  • Has no effect on the expiration time
  • Increases the expiration time
  • Slows down the respiratory rate
  • Shortens the expiration time (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the internal intercostal muscles during respiration?

  • Lengthening the expiration time
  • Pulling the ribcage upwards
  • Increasing ribcage expansion
  • Compressing the lungs (correct)

    • Which muscle is involved in forced expiration, in addition to the internal intercostal muscles?

    <p>Rectus abdominis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of quiet exhalation?

    <p>3-4 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles during respiration?

    <p>Increasing ribcage expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?

    <p>To lift the ribcage upwards and outwards during inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of the intercostal muscles?

    <p>In two layers, with external and internal intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the diaphragm?

    <p>Dome-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the internal intercostal muscles?

    <p>To assist in expiration during exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of intercostal muscles are there?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cilia in the mucous membrane lining?

    <p>To waft mucus with adherent particles upwards towards the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the glottis during the reflex action of coughing?

    <p>It closes suddenly and then opens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>To house the heart, great vessels, trachea, and other structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the left lung slightly smaller than the right lung?

    <p>Because the heart occupies space left of the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the nerve responsible for conducting nerve impulses from the larynx, trachea, and bronchi to the brain stem?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the divisions of the lung separated by fissures?

    <p>Lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hypercapnia in the body?

    <p>Increased acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air?

    <p>Carbon dioxide excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cessation of breathing or ineffectual breathing?

    <p>Apnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hypocapnia in the body?

    <p>Excessive alkalinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of breathing in?

    <p>Inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide?

    <p>Internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of CO2 transportation in the blood and plasma?

    <p>CO2 reacts with H2O to form H2CO3, then breaks down into H+ and HCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of O2 that binds to RBCs during oxygen transportation?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sensors plays a crucial role in chemical control of respiration?

    <p>Central chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the phrenic nerve in the control of respiration?

    <p>It transmits signals from the Inspiratory Centre to the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased CO2 levels on the respiratory control centre?

    <p>It stimulates the Inspiratory Centre, leading to increased respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory control centre?

    <p>Control of heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of oxygen transport in the blood?

    <p>Chemical combination with haemoglobin as oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low oxygen levels on oxyhaemoglobin?

    <p>It increases the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide removal from the body?

    <p>Exhalation through the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxygen delivery to the tissues occur?

    <p>Through the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased temperature on oxyhaemoglobin?

    <p>It increases the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Alveolar sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of oxygen binding to haemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide removal from the body?

    <p>Exhalation through the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells?

    <p>Internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of oxygen carried in the blood in chemical combination with haemoglobin?

    <p>98.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide production on oxyhaemoglobin?

    <p>Oxygen is released from haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the V/Q ratio in respiration?

    <p>To compare ventilation and perfusion in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the air we breathe?

    <p>21% of the total pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to carbon dioxide produced by the cells during internal respiration?

    <p>It is released into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of delivering oxygen from the bloodstream to the body's cells and removing carbon dioxide?

    <p>Internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of air that reaches the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a lack of oxygenation in tissues?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which oxygen passes from the blood to cells?

    <p>Oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boyle's law relates to which of the following?

    <p>Partial pressure of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for excess carbon dioxide in arterial blood?

    <p>Hypercapnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air?

    <p>Carbon dioxide removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage of tissue oxygenation?

    <p>Oxygen passes from the blood to cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

    <p>In the arch of the aorta and in the carotid bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors to trigger nerve impulses to the respiratory centre?

    <p>A slight rise in CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which centre is responsible for initiating inspiration?

    <p>Inspiratory centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of quiet expiration?

    <p>Passive elastic recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre in the regulation of breathing?

    <p>To inhibit the apneustic centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the peripheral chemoreceptors to an increase in blood acidity?

    <p>Stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors, resulting in increased ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of central chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration?

    <p>To detect changes in pH levels in the CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors plays a crucial role in detecting changes in oxygen levels in the blood?

    <p>Peripheral chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inspiratory centre in the regulation of respiration?

    <p>To integrate sensory information from various receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are central chemoreceptors located?

    <p>On the surface of the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is involved in forced expiration?

    <p>Accessory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the respiratory centre when arterial P CO2 rises?

    <p>It increases ventilation of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of respiratory feedback in the regulation of respiration?

    <p>Negative feedback mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of neurones controls the rate and depth of breathing?

    <p>The respiratory rhythmicity centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased binding of oxygen to haemoglobin?

    <p>It shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting signals from the inspiratory centre to the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the expiratory neurones?

    <p>To control expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the respiratory centre to increase ventilation?

    <p>An increase in arterial P CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased binding of oxygen to haemoglobin on the oxygen dissociation curve?

    <p>It shifts the curve to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

    <p>To detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of stimulation of the central chemoreceptors?

    <p>Increased ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inspiratory centre in the regulation of breathing?

    <p>To regulate the rate and depth of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the expiratory neurones?

    <p>To control expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?

    <p>To detect changes in carbon dioxide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors plays a crucial role in the expiratory mechanism?

    <p>Stretch receptors in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypercapnia on the central chemoreceptors?

    <p>It increases the stimulation of the respiratory centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the peripheral chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?

    <p>To detect changes in oxygen levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the apneustic centre in the regulation of respiration?

    <p>To initiate inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the inspiratory centre in the respiratory control system?

    <p>To regulate the contraction of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of the respiratory system to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood?

    <p>Increased ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to an increase in blood CO2 levels?

    <p>They trigger nerve impulses to the inspiratory centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre in regulating breathing?

    <p>To inhibit the apneustic centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting signals from the inspiratory centre to the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

    <p>In the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of respiratory feedback during quiet expiration?

    <p>Elastic recoil of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in blood acidity on the peripheral chemoreceptors?

    <p>They are stimulated, resulting in increased ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?

    <p>To remove microorganisms from the circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?

    <p>To develop and mature immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the micro-lobules in the thymus?

    <p>To mature immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the thymus in the body?

    <p>In the mediastinum on the superior portion of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate volume of blood stored in the spleen?

    <p>Up to 350ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

    <p>Programing T-cells to recognize 'self' antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of MALT (Mucosa-associated Lymphoid/Lymphatic Structure)?

    <p>A diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fluid that is leaked into the interstitial space is drained back into the circulatory system via the lymphatic system?

    <p>10%-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the red bone marrow?

    <p>Producing erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of failure to remove fluid from the interstitial space?

    <p>Stagnation of fluid and oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest lymph organ in the body?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the thymus during the pre-adolescent period?

    <p>It is most active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of reticular fibres in the lymph node?

    <p>To filter and trap damaged cells and microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of the thymus shrinking with age?

    <p>Thymic involution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tonsils in the immune system?

    <p>Containing B- and T-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the lymph node?

    <p>To phagocytize some foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the spleen in the body?

    <p>Left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Accessory Muscles of Respiration

    • Accessory muscles involved in forced inspiration include the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis major.
    • Contraction of accessory muscles during forced expiration increases expiratory efficiency and shortens expiration time.

    Intercostal Muscles

    • Internal intercostal muscles primarily assist in forced expiration by depressing the ribs.
    • There are 11 pairs of intercostal muscles arranged in layers between the ribs.
    • External intercostal muscles facilitate inhalation by elevating the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity.

    Diaphragm

    • The diaphragm is dome-shaped and plays a crucial role in respiration, contracting to enlarge the thoracic cavity.
    • It is supplied by the phrenic nerve, which controls its movements during breathing.

    Respiratory Duration and Mechanisms

    • Typical duration of quiet exhalation is about 2-3 seconds.
    • Mechanism of quiet expiration involves passive relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of the lungs.

    Lung Structure and Function

    • Left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung to accommodate the heart's position.
    • The mediastinum separates the lungs, housing the heart and other vital structures.
    • Fissures divide the lungs into lobes.

    Gas Exchange and Transport

    • Primary site of gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
    • Oxygen is primarily transported in chemical combination with hemoglobin in red blood cells (approximately 98%).
    • Carbon dioxide is mainly transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood.

    Respiratory Control

    • Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata play a critical role in detecting changes in blood CO2 and acidity.
    • Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acidity levels in the blood.
    • Increased CO2 levels stimulate the respiratory control center to elevate ventilation rates.
    • Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers modulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.

    Reflex Actions and Cilia Function

    • The glottis closes during coughing, increasing pressure to expel irritants from the respiratory tract.
    • Cilia in the mucous membrane lining help trap and move particles and pathogens out of the respiratory tract.

    Additional Facts on Breathing Mechanisms

    • Boyle's law explains the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
    • Hypocapnia refers to decreased carbon dioxide levels, which can lead to respiratory alkalosis.

    Immune System Components

    • The spleen serves multiple functions, including filtering blood, fighting infections, and recycling iron from red blood cells.
    • Thymus is pivotal in T-cell maturation, essential for adaptive immunity.
    • MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) plays a role in immune surveillance and response in mucosal tissues.
    • Approximately 85% of interstitial fluid leaks back into the circulatory system through the lymphatic system.

    Overall Respiratory Processes

    • Internal respiration encompasses the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells.
    • External respiration refers to gas exchange in the lungs.
    • Ventilation is the process of delivering oxygen from the bloodstream to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the muscles that assist in breathing, including those involved in forced inspiration and expiration. Learn how the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles contribute to ribcage expansion and quiet exhalation. Prepare to inhale a wealth of information!

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