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Questions and Answers
What are the accessory muscles involved in forced inspiration?
What are the accessory muscles involved in forced inspiration?
- Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles (correct)
- Internal intercostal muscles
- Rectus abdominis
- Diaphragm
How does the contraction of the accessory muscles of expiration affect the expiration time?
How does the contraction of the accessory muscles of expiration affect the expiration time?
- Has no effect on the expiration time
- Increases the expiration time
- Slows down the respiratory rate
- Shortens the expiration time (correct)
What is the primary function of the internal intercostal muscles during respiration?
What is the primary function of the internal intercostal muscles during respiration?
- Lengthening the expiration time
- Pulling the ribcage upwards
- Increasing ribcage expansion
- Compressing the lungs (correct)
Which muscle is involved in forced expiration, in addition to the internal intercostal muscles?
Which muscle is involved in forced expiration, in addition to the internal intercostal muscles?
What is the typical duration of quiet exhalation?
What is the typical duration of quiet exhalation?
What is the role of the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles during respiration?
What is the role of the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles during respiration?
What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?
What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
What is the arrangement of the intercostal muscles?
What is the arrangement of the intercostal muscles?
What is the shape of the diaphragm?
What is the shape of the diaphragm?
What is the role of the internal intercostal muscles?
What is the role of the internal intercostal muscles?
How many pairs of intercostal muscles are there?
How many pairs of intercostal muscles are there?
What is the function of the cilia in the mucous membrane lining?
What is the function of the cilia in the mucous membrane lining?
What is the response of the glottis during the reflex action of coughing?
What is the response of the glottis during the reflex action of coughing?
What is the purpose of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity?
What is the purpose of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity?
Why is the left lung slightly smaller than the right lung?
Why is the left lung slightly smaller than the right lung?
What is the name of the nerve responsible for conducting nerve impulses from the larynx, trachea, and bronchi to the brain stem?
What is the name of the nerve responsible for conducting nerve impulses from the larynx, trachea, and bronchi to the brain stem?
What is the term for the divisions of the lung separated by fissures?
What is the term for the divisions of the lung separated by fissures?
What is the result of hypercapnia in the body?
What is the result of hypercapnia in the body?
What is the process of transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air?
What is the process of transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air?
What is the term for the cessation of breathing or ineffectual breathing?
What is the term for the cessation of breathing or ineffectual breathing?
What is the result of hypocapnia in the body?
What is the result of hypocapnia in the body?
What is the term for the process of breathing in?
What is the term for the process of breathing in?
What is the process by which cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide?
What is the process by which cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide?
What is the primary mechanism of CO2 transportation in the blood and plasma?
What is the primary mechanism of CO2 transportation in the blood and plasma?
What is the percentage of O2 that binds to RBCs during oxygen transportation?
What is the percentage of O2 that binds to RBCs during oxygen transportation?
Which of the following sensors plays a crucial role in chemical control of respiration?
Which of the following sensors plays a crucial role in chemical control of respiration?
What is the role of the phrenic nerve in the control of respiration?
What is the role of the phrenic nerve in the control of respiration?
What is the effect of increased CO2 levels on the respiratory control centre?
What is the effect of increased CO2 levels on the respiratory control centre?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory control centre?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory control centre?
What is the primary mechanism of oxygen transport in the blood?
What is the primary mechanism of oxygen transport in the blood?
What is the effect of low oxygen levels on oxyhaemoglobin?
What is the effect of low oxygen levels on oxyhaemoglobin?
What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide removal from the body?
What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide removal from the body?
How does oxygen delivery to the tissues occur?
How does oxygen delivery to the tissues occur?
What is the effect of increased temperature on oxyhaemoglobin?
What is the effect of increased temperature on oxyhaemoglobin?
What is the primary location of gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the primary location of gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the primary mechanism of oxygen binding to haemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the primary mechanism of oxygen binding to haemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide removal from the body?
What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide removal from the body?
What is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells?
What is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells?
What is the percentage of oxygen carried in the blood in chemical combination with haemoglobin?
What is the percentage of oxygen carried in the blood in chemical combination with haemoglobin?
What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide production on oxyhaemoglobin?
What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide production on oxyhaemoglobin?
What is the purpose of the V/Q ratio in respiration?
What is the purpose of the V/Q ratio in respiration?
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the air we breathe?
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the air we breathe?
What happens to carbon dioxide produced by the cells during internal respiration?
What happens to carbon dioxide produced by the cells during internal respiration?
What is the process of delivering oxygen from the bloodstream to the body's cells and removing carbon dioxide?
What is the process of delivering oxygen from the bloodstream to the body's cells and removing carbon dioxide?
What is the term for the amount of air that reaches the alveoli in the lungs?
What is the term for the amount of air that reaches the alveoli in the lungs?
What is the process by which cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide?
What is the process by which cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide?
What is the term for a lack of oxygenation in tissues?
What is the term for a lack of oxygenation in tissues?
What is the process by which oxygen passes from the blood to cells?
What is the process by which oxygen passes from the blood to cells?
Boyle's law relates to which of the following?
Boyle's law relates to which of the following?
What is the term for excess carbon dioxide in arterial blood?
What is the term for excess carbon dioxide in arterial blood?
What is the process of transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air?
What is the process of transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air?
What is the final stage of tissue oxygenation?
What is the final stage of tissue oxygenation?
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
What stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors to trigger nerve impulses to the respiratory centre?
What stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors to trigger nerve impulses to the respiratory centre?
Which centre is responsible for initiating inspiration?
Which centre is responsible for initiating inspiration?
What is the mechanism of quiet expiration?
What is the mechanism of quiet expiration?
What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre in the regulation of breathing?
What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre in the regulation of breathing?
What is the response of the peripheral chemoreceptors to an increase in blood acidity?
What is the response of the peripheral chemoreceptors to an increase in blood acidity?
What is the main function of central chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration?
What is the main function of central chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration?
Which of the following receptors plays a crucial role in detecting changes in oxygen levels in the blood?
Which of the following receptors plays a crucial role in detecting changes in oxygen levels in the blood?
What is the role of the inspiratory centre in the regulation of respiration?
What is the role of the inspiratory centre in the regulation of respiration?
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
Which of the following muscles is involved in forced expiration?
Which of the following muscles is involved in forced expiration?
What is the response of the respiratory centre when arterial P CO2 rises?
What is the response of the respiratory centre when arterial P CO2 rises?
What is the primary mechanism of respiratory feedback in the regulation of respiration?
What is the primary mechanism of respiratory feedback in the regulation of respiration?
Which group of neurones controls the rate and depth of breathing?
Which group of neurones controls the rate and depth of breathing?
What is the effect of increased binding of oxygen to haemoglobin?
What is the effect of increased binding of oxygen to haemoglobin?
Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting signals from the inspiratory centre to the diaphragm?
Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting signals from the inspiratory centre to the diaphragm?
What is the role of the expiratory neurones?
What is the role of the expiratory neurones?
What stimulates the respiratory centre to increase ventilation?
What stimulates the respiratory centre to increase ventilation?
What is the effect of increased binding of oxygen to haemoglobin on the oxygen dissociation curve?
What is the effect of increased binding of oxygen to haemoglobin on the oxygen dissociation curve?
What is the primary function of the peripheral chemoreceptors?
What is the primary function of the peripheral chemoreceptors?
What is the result of stimulation of the central chemoreceptors?
What is the result of stimulation of the central chemoreceptors?
What is the role of the inspiratory centre in the regulation of breathing?
What is the role of the inspiratory centre in the regulation of breathing?
What is the primary function of the expiratory neurones?
What is the primary function of the expiratory neurones?
What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?
What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?
Which of the following receptors plays a crucial role in the expiratory mechanism?
Which of the following receptors plays a crucial role in the expiratory mechanism?
What is the effect of hypercapnia on the central chemoreceptors?
What is the effect of hypercapnia on the central chemoreceptors?
What is the role of the peripheral chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?
What is the role of the peripheral chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?
What is the primary role of the apneustic centre in the regulation of respiration?
What is the primary role of the apneustic centre in the regulation of respiration?
What is the primary function of the inspiratory centre in the respiratory control system?
What is the primary function of the inspiratory centre in the respiratory control system?
What is the response of the respiratory system to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
What is the response of the respiratory system to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
What is the mechanism by which the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to an increase in blood CO2 levels?
What is the mechanism by which the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to an increase in blood CO2 levels?
What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre in regulating breathing?
What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre in regulating breathing?
Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting signals from the inspiratory centre to the diaphragm?
Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting signals from the inspiratory centre to the diaphragm?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
What is the primary mechanism of respiratory feedback during quiet expiration?
What is the primary mechanism of respiratory feedback during quiet expiration?
What is the effect of an increase in blood acidity on the peripheral chemoreceptors?
What is the effect of an increase in blood acidity on the peripheral chemoreceptors?
What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the function of the micro-lobules in the thymus?
What is the function of the micro-lobules in the thymus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?
What is the location of the thymus in the body?
What is the location of the thymus in the body?
What is the approximate volume of blood stored in the spleen?
What is the approximate volume of blood stored in the spleen?
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the characteristic of MALT (Mucosa-associated Lymphoid/Lymphatic Structure)?
What is the characteristic of MALT (Mucosa-associated Lymphoid/Lymphatic Structure)?
What percentage of fluid that is leaked into the interstitial space is drained back into the circulatory system via the lymphatic system?
What percentage of fluid that is leaked into the interstitial space is drained back into the circulatory system via the lymphatic system?
What is the function of the red bone marrow?
What is the function of the red bone marrow?
What is the result of failure to remove fluid from the interstitial space?
What is the result of failure to remove fluid from the interstitial space?
What is the largest lymph organ in the body?
What is the largest lymph organ in the body?
What is the characteristic of the thymus during the pre-adolescent period?
What is the characteristic of the thymus during the pre-adolescent period?
What is the function of reticular fibres in the lymph node?
What is the function of reticular fibres in the lymph node?
What is the term for the process of the thymus shrinking with age?
What is the term for the process of the thymus shrinking with age?
What is the function of tonsils in the immune system?
What is the function of tonsils in the immune system?
What is the role of macrophages in the lymph node?
What is the role of macrophages in the lymph node?
What is the location of the spleen in the body?
What is the location of the spleen in the body?
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Study Notes
Accessory Muscles of Respiration
- Accessory muscles involved in forced inspiration include the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis major.
- Contraction of accessory muscles during forced expiration increases expiratory efficiency and shortens expiration time.
Intercostal Muscles
- Internal intercostal muscles primarily assist in forced expiration by depressing the ribs.
- There are 11 pairs of intercostal muscles arranged in layers between the ribs.
- External intercostal muscles facilitate inhalation by elevating the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity.
Diaphragm
- The diaphragm is dome-shaped and plays a crucial role in respiration, contracting to enlarge the thoracic cavity.
- It is supplied by the phrenic nerve, which controls its movements during breathing.
Respiratory Duration and Mechanisms
- Typical duration of quiet exhalation is about 2-3 seconds.
- Mechanism of quiet expiration involves passive relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of the lungs.
Lung Structure and Function
- Left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung to accommodate the heart's position.
- The mediastinum separates the lungs, housing the heart and other vital structures.
- Fissures divide the lungs into lobes.
Gas Exchange and Transport
- Primary site of gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
- Oxygen is primarily transported in chemical combination with hemoglobin in red blood cells (approximately 98%).
- Carbon dioxide is mainly transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood.
Respiratory Control
- Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata play a critical role in detecting changes in blood CO2 and acidity.
- Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acidity levels in the blood.
- Increased CO2 levels stimulate the respiratory control center to elevate ventilation rates.
- Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers modulate the rhythm and depth of breathing.
Reflex Actions and Cilia Function
- The glottis closes during coughing, increasing pressure to expel irritants from the respiratory tract.
- Cilia in the mucous membrane lining help trap and move particles and pathogens out of the respiratory tract.
Additional Facts on Breathing Mechanisms
- Boyle's law explains the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation.
- Hypocapnia refers to decreased carbon dioxide levels, which can lead to respiratory alkalosis.
Immune System Components
- The spleen serves multiple functions, including filtering blood, fighting infections, and recycling iron from red blood cells.
- Thymus is pivotal in T-cell maturation, essential for adaptive immunity.
- MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) plays a role in immune surveillance and response in mucosal tissues.
- Approximately 85% of interstitial fluid leaks back into the circulatory system through the lymphatic system.
Overall Respiratory Processes
- Internal respiration encompasses the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells.
- External respiration refers to gas exchange in the lungs.
- Ventilation is the process of delivering oxygen from the bloodstream to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide.
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