108 Questions
What are the accessory muscles involved in forced inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles
How does the contraction of the accessory muscles of expiration affect the expiration time?
Shortens the expiration time
What is the primary function of the internal intercostal muscles during respiration?
Compressing the lungs
Which muscle is involved in forced expiration, in addition to the internal intercostal muscles?
Rectus abdominis
What is the typical duration of quiet exhalation?
3-4 seconds
What is the role of the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles during respiration?
Increasing ribcage expansion
What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?
To lift the ribcage upwards and outwards during inspiration
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
What is the arrangement of the intercostal muscles?
In two layers, with external and internal intercostal muscles
What is the shape of the diaphragm?
Dome-shaped
What is the role of the internal intercostal muscles?
To assist in expiration during exercise
How many pairs of intercostal muscles are there?
11
What is the function of the cilia in the mucous membrane lining?
To waft mucus with adherent particles upwards towards the larynx
What is the response of the glottis during the reflex action of coughing?
It closes suddenly and then opens
What is the purpose of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity?
To house the heart, great vessels, trachea, and other structures
Why is the left lung slightly smaller than the right lung?
Because the heart occupies space left of the midline
What is the name of the nerve responsible for conducting nerve impulses from the larynx, trachea, and bronchi to the brain stem?
Vagus nerve
What is the term for the divisions of the lung separated by fissures?
Lobes
What is the result of hypercapnia in the body?
Increased acidity
What is the process of transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air?
Carbon dioxide excretion
What is the term for the cessation of breathing or ineffectual breathing?
Apnoea
What is the result of hypocapnia in the body?
Excessive alkalinity
What is the term for the process of breathing in?
Inspiration
What is the process by which cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide?
Internal respiration
What is the primary mechanism of CO2 transportation in the blood and plasma?
CO2 reacts with H2O to form H2CO3, then breaks down into H+ and HCO3
What is the percentage of O2 that binds to RBCs during oxygen transportation?
98%
Which of the following sensors plays a crucial role in chemical control of respiration?
Central chemoreceptors
What is the role of the phrenic nerve in the control of respiration?
It transmits signals from the Inspiratory Centre to the diaphragm
What is the effect of increased CO2 levels on the respiratory control centre?
It stimulates the Inspiratory Centre, leading to increased respiration
Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory control centre?
Control of heart rate
What is the primary mechanism of oxygen transport in the blood?
Chemical combination with haemoglobin as oxyhaemoglobin
What is the effect of low oxygen levels on oxyhaemoglobin?
It increases the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin
What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide removal from the body?
Exhalation through the lungs
How does oxygen delivery to the tissues occur?
Through the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin in red blood cells
What is the effect of increased temperature on oxyhaemoglobin?
It increases the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin
What is the primary location of gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveolar walls
What is the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveolar sacs
What is the primary mechanism of oxygen binding to haemoglobin in red blood cells?
Chemical reaction
What is the primary mechanism of carbon dioxide removal from the body?
Exhalation through the lungs
What is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood and body cells?
Internal respiration
What is the percentage of oxygen carried in the blood in chemical combination with haemoglobin?
98.5%
What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide production on oxyhaemoglobin?
Oxygen is released from haemoglobin
What is the purpose of the V/Q ratio in respiration?
To compare ventilation and perfusion in the lungs
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the air we breathe?
21% of the total pressure
What happens to carbon dioxide produced by the cells during internal respiration?
It is released into the bloodstream
What is the process of delivering oxygen from the bloodstream to the body's cells and removing carbon dioxide?
Internal respiration
What is the term for the amount of air that reaches the alveoli in the lungs?
Ventilation
What is the process by which cells consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide?
Cellular respiration
What is the term for a lack of oxygenation in tissues?
Hypoxia
What is the process by which oxygen passes from the blood to cells?
Oxygen transport
Boyle's law relates to which of the following?
Partial pressure of gases
What is the term for excess carbon dioxide in arterial blood?
Hypercapnia
What is the process of transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air?
Carbon dioxide removal
What is the final stage of tissue oxygenation?
Oxygen passes from the blood to cells
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
In the arch of the aorta and in the carotid bodies
What stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors to trigger nerve impulses to the respiratory centre?
A slight rise in CO2 levels
Which centre is responsible for initiating inspiration?
Inspiratory centre
What is the mechanism of quiet expiration?
Passive elastic recoil
What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre in the regulation of breathing?
To inhibit the apneustic centre
What is the response of the peripheral chemoreceptors to an increase in blood acidity?
Stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors, resulting in increased ventilation
What is the main function of central chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration?
To detect changes in pH levels in the CSF
Which of the following receptors plays a crucial role in detecting changes in oxygen levels in the blood?
Peripheral chemoreceptors
What is the role of the inspiratory centre in the regulation of respiration?
To integrate sensory information from various receptors
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
On the surface of the medulla oblongata
Which of the following muscles is involved in forced expiration?
Accessory muscles
What is the response of the respiratory centre when arterial P CO2 rises?
It increases ventilation of the lungs
What is the primary mechanism of respiratory feedback in the regulation of respiration?
Negative feedback mechanism
Which group of neurones controls the rate and depth of breathing?
The respiratory rhythmicity centre
What is the effect of increased binding of oxygen to haemoglobin?
It shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the left
Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting signals from the inspiratory centre to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
What is the role of the expiratory neurones?
To control expiration
What stimulates the respiratory centre to increase ventilation?
An increase in arterial P CO2
What is the effect of increased binding of oxygen to haemoglobin on the oxygen dissociation curve?
It shifts the curve to the left
What is the primary function of the peripheral chemoreceptors?
To detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
What is the result of stimulation of the central chemoreceptors?
Increased ventilation
What is the role of the inspiratory centre in the regulation of breathing?
To regulate the rate and depth of breathing
What is the primary function of the expiratory neurones?
To control expiration
What is the primary function of the central chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?
To detect changes in carbon dioxide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid
Which of the following receptors plays a crucial role in the expiratory mechanism?
Stretch receptors in the lungs
What is the effect of hypercapnia on the central chemoreceptors?
It increases the stimulation of the respiratory centre
What is the role of the peripheral chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?
To detect changes in oxygen levels in the blood
What is the primary role of the apneustic centre in the regulation of respiration?
To initiate inspiration
What is the primary function of the inspiratory centre in the respiratory control system?
To regulate the contraction of the diaphragm
What is the response of the respiratory system to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
Increased ventilation
What is the mechanism by which the peripheral chemoreceptors respond to an increase in blood CO2 levels?
They trigger nerve impulses to the inspiratory centre
What is the role of the pneumotaxic centre in regulating breathing?
To inhibit the apneustic centre
Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting signals from the inspiratory centre to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
In the medulla oblongata
What is the primary mechanism of respiratory feedback during quiet expiration?
Elastic recoil of the lungs
What is the effect of an increase in blood acidity on the peripheral chemoreceptors?
They are stimulated, resulting in increased ventilation
What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
To remove microorganisms from the circulation
What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
To develop and mature immune cells
What is the function of the micro-lobules in the thymus?
To mature immune cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?
Regulation of blood pressure
What is the location of the thymus in the body?
In the mediastinum on the superior portion of the heart
What is the approximate volume of blood stored in the spleen?
Up to 350ml
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
Programing T-cells to recognize 'self' antigens
What is the characteristic of MALT (Mucosa-associated Lymphoid/Lymphatic Structure)?
A diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue
What percentage of fluid that is leaked into the interstitial space is drained back into the circulatory system via the lymphatic system?
10%-15%
What is the function of the red bone marrow?
Producing erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes
What is the result of failure to remove fluid from the interstitial space?
Stagnation of fluid and oedema
What is the largest lymph organ in the body?
Spleen
What is the characteristic of the thymus during the pre-adolescent period?
It is most active
What is the function of reticular fibres in the lymph node?
To filter and trap damaged cells and microorganisms
What is the term for the process of the thymus shrinking with age?
Thymic involution
What is the function of tonsils in the immune system?
Containing B- and T-lymphocytes
What is the role of macrophages in the lymph node?
To phagocytize some foreign substances
What is the location of the spleen in the body?
Left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity
Test your knowledge of the muscles that assist in breathing, including those involved in forced inspiration and expiration. Learn how the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles contribute to ribcage expansion and quiet exhalation. Prepare to inhale a wealth of information!
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