Academic Integrity Rules

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Questions and Answers

What is the consequence of failing to cite sources or plagiarizing works during exams?

Zero grade in that exam call only

Loss of attendance sheet privileges

Loss of continuous evaluation and possible oral examination in future calls (correct)

Warning from the Faculty and possible expulsion

What is the purpose of restricting the use of documentation provided by the teacher?

To protect the intellectual property of the teacher (correct)

To prevent students from sharing notes

To make students purchase textbooks

To encourage students to attend classes regularly

What is a mutation that affects the gametes?

Somatic mutation

Point mutation

Neutral mutation

Germinal mutation (correct)

What type of mutation is a change in a single nucleotide base pair?

Point mutation Signup and view all the answers

Why are electronic devices not allowed during classes?

To minimize distractions and promote learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using electronic devices during exams?

Zero grade in that exam call Signup and view all the answers

What determines the classification of mutations?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a neutral mutation?

It has no effect on the individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a mutation in a regulatory gene?

Cells with uncontrolled divisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a mutation occurring early in embryonic development?

A large percentage of cells are affected Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is a change of a single base or nucleotide in an individual's DNA sequence?

Point mutation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a mutation in a structural gene?

Cells that are eliminated without great consequences Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation is more common in women?

Chromosomal mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a mutation in a germ cell?

The offspring of the affected individual have a mutation Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutations affect the number of base pairs in a DNA sequence?

Duplications or deletions of base pairs Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a point mutation?

Both errors in DNA replication and mutagenic agents Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a silent mutation?

No effect on the phenotype of the individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a transition and a transversion?

A transition is a change from puric to puric or pyrimidine to pyrimidine and a transversion is a change from puric to pyrimidine Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutations can lead to the generation of new alleles?

Changes in amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of changes in splicing regions?

Retention of introns resulting in damage to the protein sequence Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutations can affect the expression levels of a gene?

Changes in regulatory and promoter regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a nonsense mutation?

Truncation of the peptide with a premature stop codon Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutations can lead to the loss or gain of function?

Changes in amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of changes in the orientation of a gene sequence?

Impact on the phenotype of the individual Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Rules of Behavior

Failure in academic integrity, including plagiarism and improper use of information during exams, can result in loss of continuous evaluation and further sanctions.
Improper use of electronic devices during exams will result in a grade of 0.0 for that call and may lead to an oral examination in future calls.
Electronic devices are not allowed during classes, and the use of provided documentation is restricted to preparation of the subject.

Mutations

Classification of Mutations

According to affected cell: somatic (affecting the individual) or germinal (affecting gametes)
According to type of mutation: point mutations, insertions, deletions, etc.
According to effect of mutation: positive, negative, or neutral

Somatic Mutations

Affect the individual, excluding gametes
Can result in mosaicism (different cell lines with different genetic information) or affect structural or regulatory genes
Structural gene mutations can lead to cell elimination without major consequences
Regulatory gene mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell divisions and tumor formation

Germinal Mutations

Affect stem cells of gametes and ovules/sperm
Can result in offspring with aneuploidies, such as Down's syndrome
Women tend to accumulate numerical chromosomal anomalies, while men tend to accumulate point mutations

Types of Mutations

Point mutations: changes in a single base or nucleotide in the DNA sequence
- Transitions: changes between puric or pyrimidine bases
- Transversions: changes between puric and pyrimidine bases
Mutations affecting the number of base pairs: duplications, deletions, gain, or loss of base pairs
Mutations affecting the position of DNA segments: large insertions, deletions, translocations, and inversions

Impact of Mutations

No effect: silent mutations in non-coding or non-regulatory regions
Change of amino acid: can lead to loss or gain of function, generation of new alleles, and consequences on the phenotype
Nonsense mutation and changes in reading pattern: can truncate the peptide or alter the protein sequence
Changes in splicing regions: affect messenger RNA processing, leading to damage to the protein sequence
Changes in regulatory and promoter regions: alter gene expression levels or subsequent processing