24 Questions
What is the consequence of failing to cite sources or plagiarizing works during exams?
Loss of continuous evaluation and possible oral examination in future calls
What is the purpose of restricting the use of documentation provided by the teacher?
To protect the intellectual property of the teacher
What is a mutation that affects the gametes?
Germinal mutation
What type of mutation is a change in a single nucleotide base pair?
Point mutation
Why are electronic devices not allowed during classes?
To minimize distractions and promote learning
What is the consequence of using electronic devices during exams?
Zero grade in that exam call
What determines the classification of mutations?
All of the above
What is the effect of a neutral mutation?
It has no effect on the individual
What is the result of a mutation in a regulatory gene?
Cells with uncontrolled divisions
What is the effect of a mutation occurring early in embryonic development?
A large percentage of cells are affected
What type of mutation is a change of a single base or nucleotide in an individual's DNA sequence?
Point mutation
What is the result of a mutation in a structural gene?
Cells that are eliminated without great consequences
Which type of mutation is more common in women?
Chromosomal mutations
What is the result of a mutation in a germ cell?
The offspring of the affected individual have a mutation
What type of mutations affect the number of base pairs in a DNA sequence?
Duplications or deletions of base pairs
What can cause a point mutation?
Both errors in DNA replication and mutagenic agents
What is the result of a silent mutation?
No effect on the phenotype of the individual
What is the difference between a transition and a transversion?
A transition is a change from puric to puric or pyrimidine to pyrimidine and a transversion is a change from puric to pyrimidine
What type of mutations can lead to the generation of new alleles?
Changes in amino acid
What is the result of changes in splicing regions?
Retention of introns resulting in damage to the protein sequence
What type of mutations can affect the expression levels of a gene?
Changes in regulatory and promoter regions
What is the result of a nonsense mutation?
Truncation of the peptide with a premature stop codon
What type of mutations can lead to the loss or gain of function?
Changes in amino acid
What is the result of changes in the orientation of a gene sequence?
Impact on the phenotype of the individual
Study Notes
Rules of Behavior
- Failure in academic integrity, including plagiarism and improper use of information during exams, can result in loss of continuous evaluation and further sanctions.
- Improper use of electronic devices during exams will result in a grade of 0.0 for that call and may lead to an oral examination in future calls.
- Electronic devices are not allowed during classes, and the use of provided documentation is restricted to preparation of the subject.
Mutations
Classification of Mutations
- According to affected cell: somatic (affecting the individual) or germinal (affecting gametes)
- According to type of mutation: point mutations, insertions, deletions, etc.
- According to effect of mutation: positive, negative, or neutral
Somatic Mutations
- Affect the individual, excluding gametes
- Can result in mosaicism (different cell lines with different genetic information) or affect structural or regulatory genes
- Structural gene mutations can lead to cell elimination without major consequences
- Regulatory gene mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell divisions and tumor formation
Germinal Mutations
- Affect stem cells of gametes and ovules/sperm
- Can result in offspring with aneuploidies, such as Down's syndrome
- Women tend to accumulate numerical chromosomal anomalies, while men tend to accumulate point mutations
Types of Mutations
- Point mutations: changes in a single base or nucleotide in the DNA sequence
- Transitions: changes between puric or pyrimidine bases
- Transversions: changes between puric and pyrimidine bases
- Mutations affecting the number of base pairs: duplications, deletions, gain, or loss of base pairs
- Mutations affecting the position of DNA segments: large insertions, deletions, translocations, and inversions
Impact of Mutations
- No effect: silent mutations in non-coding or non-regulatory regions
- Change of amino acid: can lead to loss or gain of function, generation of new alleles, and consequences on the phenotype
- Nonsense mutation and changes in reading pattern: can truncate the peptide or alter the protein sequence
- Changes in splicing regions: affect messenger RNA processing, leading to damage to the protein sequence
- Changes in regulatory and promoter regions: alter gene expression levels or subsequent processing
This quiz covers the rules of behavior in academic settings, including academic integrity, plagiarism, and attendance policies.
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