Academic Integrity and Behavior Rules

Rules of Behavior

• Academic Integrity is essential, and any violation, such as plagiarism or unauthorized use of information, will result in loss of continuous evaluation and potential sanctions.
• Signing the attendance sheet for a classmate who is not in class is not allowed.
• Improper use of electronic devices during exams will result in a grade of 0.0 for that call.
• The use of electronic devices is not allowed during classes, both theoretical and practical.
• The teacher reserves the right to take measures to protect Intellectual Property.

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• DNA in humans is organized into chromosomes, which contain all the genetic information of an individual.
• Chromosomes are transmitted from one cell to another through mitosis.
• The cell cycle consists of:
  • Interphase: cell grows, collects necessary materials, replicates DNA, and distributes content equally between daughter cells.
  • Mitosis: separation of sister chromatids, migration to opposite poles, and cell division.
  • Phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • The only moment of the cell cycle where chromosomes can be observed with a structure of two chromatids and condensed is in mitotic metaphase.

Chromosomes and Karyotyping

• The number and morphology of chromosomes are relevant for genetic diagnosis and are related to certain pathologies.
• Karyotyping is a technique used to observe chromosomes, which involves:
  • Obtaining a sample of cells (blood or fetal) and arresting them in metaphase.
  • The karyotype is the set of chromosomes of a species ordered by size.
• Chromosomes can be classified by their morphology based on the position of the centromere as metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric.
• Humans have metacentric, submetacentric, and acrocentric chromosomes.

Chromosomal Formulas

• 2n=46, XX: the set of chromosomes of somatic cells of a female individual contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), with the sexual pair being XX.
• 2n=46, XY: the set of chromosomes of somatic cells of a male individual contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), with the sexual pair being XY.
• 2n=47, XX, +21: a female with 47 chromosomes, having an extra chromosome 21, which is a characteristic of Down syndrome.
• 2n=45, X0: a female with 45 chromosomes, missing one X, which is a characteristic of Turner syndrome.
• 15q21.1: cytogenetic coordinates of a gene, located on chromosome 15, long arm (q arm), region 21.1.

Meiosis

• Meiosis is a process by which diploid cells with chromosomes having two chromatids produce haploid cells with chromosomes in the form of one chromatid.
• It involves two cell divisions without an intermediate phase of synthesis.
• Depending on whether it is a male or female meiosis, 4 or 1 meiotic products are obtained, respectively.
• Recombination between homologous chromosomes and their random segregation occurs, resulting in no two gametes with identical genetic information.

Independent Genes and Linked Loci

• Independent genes are genes located on different chromosomes, and their alleles may segregate in all possible combinations with the same probability.
• Linked loci are genes located on the same chromosome, and their alleles will not segregate with the same probability, depending on the recombination that occurs between said genes.

Rules and guidelines for maintaining academic integrity, including proper citation and avoidance of plagiarism.