Abstract Data Types (ADTs) Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a linear list?

  • AVL Trees
  • Binary Search Trees
  • Stacks (correct)
  • Hash Tables

    • Which data structure is not covered in the course?

  • Graphs (correct)
  • AVL Trees
  • Hash Tables
  • Binary Heaps

    • Which data structure is used for hierarchical organization and searching?

  • Binary Search Trees (correct)
  • Binary Heaps
  • Graphs
  • Hashing

    • How are the elements arranged in a linear data structure?

    <p>Flat, 'laid out along a line' in a sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes a data structure linear?

    <p>Each element, except the first and the last, has a unique predecessor and successor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the practical effectiveness of linear ADTs?

    <p>In many practical situations, linear ADTs are sufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data structure is growable and pseudo-dynamic?

    <p>Vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linear data structure is often used for organizing computer memory?

    <p>Arrays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linear collection is an example of a linear list?

    <p>Lists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a list data structure?

    <p>Supports manipulation of elements at any point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the elements in a list?

    <p>Every element can be modified while they remain in the list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you define a list in the context of programming?

    <p>A data structure that stores elements in a sequential order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of items in a list?

    <p>They can contain duplicates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between physical position and logical order in LinkedList-based implementations?

    <p>Physical position is not equal to logical order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a list, what is the relationship between physical position and logical order in array-based implementations?

    <p>Physical position equals logical order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of items in a list?

    <p>They are ordered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows linear data structures to access and manipulate elements at any point?

    <p>Position abstraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linear data structure is often used for organizing computer memory?

    <p>Stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the practical effectiveness of linear Abstract Data Types (ADTs)?

    <p>They are inefficient for insertion and deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of physically ordered (Arrays) data structure?

    <p>Static size, “growable” is an illusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of logically ordered (Linked lists) data structure?

    <p>Variable size, easy to grow or shrink as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of physically ordered (Arrays) compared to logically ordered (Linked lists)?

    <p>Add/remove operations are expensive – must shift all elements – $O(n)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of list operation relies on the value of the element or property of the data structure?

    <p>Content-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which list operation allows for random access based on the index of the element?

    <p>get(i)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which list operation is relative to a specific position, usually provided via an iterator?

    <p>hasNext()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation allows for random access based on the index of the element in a list?

    <p>indexOf(obj)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation checks if the list contains a specific element based on its value?

    <p>contains(obj)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation adds an element at the current position determined by the iterator in a list?

    <p>add(obj)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of list operation is efficient for random access?

    <p>Index-based operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation retrieves the element at a specific index in a list?

    <p>get(i)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which list operation checks if the list contains a specific element?

    <p>contains(obj)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which list operation adds an element at the current position determined by the iterator?

    <p>add(obj)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which list operation retrieves the element at a specific index?

    <p>get(i)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each node in a linked list contain?

    <p>A single element, plus links to its successor and/or predecessor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tail in a linked list?

    <p>It marks the end of the linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the nodes in a linked list?

    <p>Links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a linked list?

    <p>A sequence of nodes connected by links, with a head and a tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the head in a linked list?

    <p>Points to the first node in the list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tail in a linked list?

    <p>Marks the end of the list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic unique to linked lists compared to arrays?

    <p>The size changes as nodes are added or removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of links in a linked list?

    <p>They connect the nodes and define the structure of the linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it possible to manipulate individual elements and the structure of a linked list?

    <p>The ability to manipulate the links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows linked lists to change their structure by manipulating the links?

    <p>Dynamic memory allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the length of a linked list?

    <p>It is the number of nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the size of a linked list change as nodes are added and removed?

    <p>It changes dynamically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of insertion or deletion in a linked list?

    <p>No shifting of data elements is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of resizing a linked list during insertion or deletion?

    <p>No extra memory cost and no copying of data elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the lack of direct/random access in a linked list?

    <p>Traversal must start at the head and follow the links until the desired position is reached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each node in a singly-linked list (SLL) contain?

    <p>A single element and a link to the node's successor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the head of a singly-linked list (SLL) contain?

    <p>A link to the SLL's first node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the tail of a singly-linked list (SLL) refer to?

    <p>The node containing a null link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each Singly-Linked List (SLL) node contain?

    <p>A single element and a link to the node’s successor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SLL head contain?

    <p>A link to the SLL’s first node (or a null link if the SLL is empty)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SLL tail point to?

    <p>The SLL’s last node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SLLNode Java class implement?

    <p>Singly-Linked List (SLL) nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SLLNode constructor take as parameters?

    <p>Element and successor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'next' attribute in the SLLNode class?

    <p>To point to the next node in the linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SLLNode constructor in the given text do?

    <p>Creates a tail with the given element and a null successor link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of the caller when using the SLLNode constructor?

    <p>Creating the successor link to the constructed tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'next' attribute in the SLLNode class?

    <p>To reference the next node in the singly-linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the head of a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the tail of a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for adding a new node at any position except the head or the tail in a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for deleting the head node from a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for deleting the tail node from a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for deleting a node from a singly-linked list (SLL) at any position except the head or the tail?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation is used to swap elements in a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>temp = A.getNext(); A.setNext(B.getNext()); B.setNext(temp);</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for finding the elements to be swapped in a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario can elements in a singly-linked list be swapped by just swapping the data?

    <p>If all elements are of the same data type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each Doubly-Linked List (DLL) node contain?

    <p>A single element, plus links to the node’s successor and predecessor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DLL header contain?

    <p>Links to the DLL’s first and last nodes (or null links if the DLL is empty)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of links in a Doubly-Linked List (DLL)?

    <p>Both directions, connecting each node to its successor and predecessor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'element' attribute in the DLLNode Java class represent?

    <p>The data stored in the node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'prev' attribute in the DLLNode Java class?

    <p>To reference the previous node in the doubly linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of the DLLNode constructor in the given Java class?

    <p>To initialize the element, prev, and next attributes of a node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'tail' attribute in the DLL Java class?

    <p>To keep track of the last node in the doubly linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'head' attribute in the DLL Java class represent?

    <p>Reference to the first node in the doubly linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'DLLNode' class in the given Java code?

    <p>To represent individual nodes in the doubly linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DLL header typically contain?

    <p>Pointers to the first and last nodes of the doubly-linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a DLL node in a doubly-linked list?

    <p>It stores data and maintains references to the previous and next nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a doubly-linked list (DLL) compared to a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>Each node contains a reference to the previous and next nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between a DLL node and a DLL header class?

    <p>A DLL node contains data and references to the previous and next nodes, while a DLL header class typically contains metadata and a reference to the first node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a DLL header in a doubly-linked list?

    <p>To provide a starting point for traversing the list and to store metadata about the list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a DLL node in a doubly-linked list?

    <p>It contains data and references to the previous and next nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the head of a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the tail of a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the head of a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for finding the correct position in a linked list?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for inserting a new node at the correct position in a linked list?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of operations for inserting a new node at the correct position in a linked list, assuming 'curr' is the index?

    <p>curr.getPrev().setNext(new); new.setPrev(curr.getPrev()); curr.setPrev(new); new.setNext(curr);</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the line 'curr.getPrev().setNext(new);' accomplish?

    <p>Updates the next pointer of the node before the curr node to point to the new node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the line 'new.setNext(curr);'?

    <p>Sets the next pointer of the new node to point to the curr node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the line 'new.setPrev(curr.getPrev());' achieve?

    <p>Sets the prev pointer of the new node to point to the node before the curr node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the line 'new.setNext(curr);' achieve in a linked list insertion process?

    <p>It sets the next pointer of the new node to point to the curr node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'next' attribute in the SLLNode class?

    <p>It points to the next node in the linked list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the lack of direct/random access in a linked list?

    <p>It may result in slower search operations compared to arrays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for removing a single node from a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the head and tail of a doubly-linked list (DLL) when a single node is removed?

    <p>Both head and tail may need to be updated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for removing a specific node at position 'i' from a doubly-linked list (DLL) with 'n' nodes?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for removing a node at an unknown position from a doubly-linked list (DLL) with 'n' nodes?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for removing a node at a specific index in a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation allows you to delete from the head of a linked list?

    <p>head.getNext().setPrev(null)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation allows you to delete from the head of a DDL?

    <p>D) tail.getPrev().setNext(null)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for deleting from the tail of a doubly-linked list?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for deleting from the head of a doubly-linked list?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for deleting a node from a linked list at a specific index?

    <p>O(n) for finding the correct position, O(1) for deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of operations for deleting a node from a linked list at a given index?

    <p>curr.getPrev().setNext(curr.getNext()); curr.getNext().setPrev(curr.getPrev());</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for finding the correct position to delete a node from a linked list?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for finding the elements to be swapped in a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off for using a doubly-linked list (DLL) over a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>Extra overhead to maintain bidirectional links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of operations for swapping elements A and B in a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

    <p>temp = A.getNext(); A.setNext(B.getNext()); B.setNext(temp);</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for swapping elements in a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off for using a doubly-linked list (DLL) over a singly-linked list (SLL)?

    <p>Better performance but with extra overhead to maintain bidirectional links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for finding the correct position to delete a node from a linked list?

    <p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time complexity for swapping elements in a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

    <p>O(1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main trade-off between DLL and SLL in terms of performance?

    <p>DLL performs better but has extra overhead to maintain bidirectional links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between traversal and iteration?

    <p>Traversal involves a complete walkthrough of the data, while iteration visits each element exactly once in a specific order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of traversing or iterating a data structure?

    <p>For insertion, deletion, searching, and sorting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the note about linear data structures in relation to traversal and iteration?

    <p>There is no difference in traversal and iteration for linear data structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between traversal and iteration in a data structure?

    <p>Traversal covers all elements without a specific order, while iteration involves visiting each element in a specific order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does iteration involve in terms of visiting elements in a data structure?

    <p>Progressing through the elements in a sequential manner, often from the beginning to the end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you differentiate between traversal and iteration in a data structure?

    <p>Traversal is a broader term that encompasses any process of visiting elements, while iteration is a more specific concept involving a systematic visitation of elements in a particular order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using the index in iterating through an array?

    <p>Accessing each element in order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are elements accessed in a singly-linked list when traversing?

    <p>Following the links to access each element in order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between iterating through an array and traversing a linked list?

    <p>Using the index for arrays and following links for linked lists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Iterator Design Pattern?

    <p>Provides uniform access to all elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are 'Safe' implementations of the Iterator Design Pattern defined?

    <p>Creating every instance of the iterator as a copy (snapshot) of the data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Iterator usually implemented?

    <p>As an inner class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Iterator Design Pattern?

    <p>Provides uniform access to all elements, independent of the underlying data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are 'Safe' implementations of the Iterator Design Pattern characterized?

    <p>They create every instance of the iterator as a copy (snapshot) of the data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'current' position in the Iterator Design Pattern?

    <p>To indicate the position of the element being accessed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of creating an iterator instance as a copy (snapshot) of the data structure in 'safe' implementations?

    <p>To ensure that the iterator operates on a consistent state of the data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'safe' imply in the context of 'safe' implementations of iterators?

    <p>The iteration process is less prone to issues caused by concurrent modifications to the data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a data structure is modified while being iterated in 'safe' implementations?

    <p>The ongoing iteration is not affected by the modifications to the original data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is creating a copy or snapshot of the data structure important for each iterator instance in 'safe' implementations?

    <p>To ensure that the iterator operates on a consistent state of the data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface in Java is similar to the ListADT interface?

    <p>java.util.List</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is each list represented in java.util.LinkedList?

    <p>By a doubly linked list (DLL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does java.util.ArrayList implement in Java?

    <p>java.util.List interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface does java.util.ArrayList implement?

    <p>java.util.List</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does java.util.LinkedList represent each list?

    <p>By a doubly linked list (DLL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does java.util.ListADT interface represent?

    <p>A list abstract data type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Linear Data Structures

    • A linear list is an example of a linear data structure
    • Linear data structures are growable and pseudo-dynamic
    • Elements in a linear data structure are arranged in a specific order
    • What makes a data structure linear is the way elements are arranged in a specific order
    • Linear ADTs are practically effective
    • An array is an example of a linear data structure used for organizing computer memory
    • A characteristic of a list data structure is that elements are arranged in a specific order
    • Elements in a list are arranged in a specific order

    LinkedList-Based Implementations

    • In LinkedList-based implementations, physical position and logical order are not directly related
    • In array-based implementations, physical position and logical order are directly related
    • Linear data structures allow access and manipulation of elements at any point
    • Arrays are physically ordered, while linked lists are logically ordered
    • A disadvantage of physically ordered arrays compared to logically ordered linked lists is the complexity of insertion and deletion operations

    List Operations

    • There are several types of list operations, including:
      • Index-based operations (e.g., retrieving an element at a specific index)
      • Iterator-based operations (e.g., adding an element at a specific position)
      • Value-based operations (e.g., checking if the list contains a specific element)
    • Random access is efficient for array-based implementations
    • Linked lists do not support direct/random access

    Singly-Linked Lists (SLLs)

    • Each node in a singly-linked list contains a reference to the next node
    • The head of a singly-linked list contains a reference to the first node
    • The tail of a singly-linked list refers to the last node
    • Links connect nodes in a singly-linked list
    • A key characteristic of singly-linked lists is the absence of direct access
    • Linked lists can change their structure by manipulating links
    • The size of a singly-linked list changes as nodes are added and removed
    • A key consequence of insertion or deletion in a singly-linked list is the need to update links
    • A significant advantage of resizing a singly-linked list during insertion or deletion is efficient use of memory

    Doubly-Linked Lists (DLLs)

    • Each node in a doubly-linked list contains references to both the previous and next nodes
    • The header of a doubly-linked list contains references to the first and last nodes
    • A key characteristic of doubly-linked lists is the presence of both previous and next references
    • The time complexity for adding a new node at the head or tail of a doubly-linked list is O(1)
    • The time complexity for adding a new node at an unknown position in a doubly-linked list is O(n)

    DLL Node and Header Classes

    • Each DLL node contains a reference to the previous and next nodes
    • The DLL header contains references to the first and last nodes
    • The purpose of the 'prev' attribute in the DLL node class is to reference the previous node
    • The purpose of the 'next' attribute in the DLL node class is to reference the next node
    • The DLL header typically contains references to the first and last nodes

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of Abstract Data Types (ADTs) with this quiz covering linear lists, stacks, queues, hierarchical structures such as binary search trees, binary heaps, AVL trees, and B-trees, as well as hashing techniques like hash tables. Graphs are not included in this quiz.

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