Abstract Data Types (ADTs) Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a linear list?

AVL Trees

Binary Search Trees

Stacks (correct)

Hash Tables

Which data structure is not covered in the course?

Graphs (correct)

AVL Trees

Hash Tables

Binary Heaps

Which data structure is used for hierarchical organization and searching?

Binary Search Trees (correct)

Binary Heaps

Graphs

Hashing

How are the elements arranged in a linear data structure?

Flat, 'laid out along a line' in a sequence Signup and view all the answers

What makes a data structure linear?

Each element, except the first and the last, has a unique predecessor and successor Signup and view all the answers

What is the practical effectiveness of linear ADTs?

In many practical situations, linear ADTs are sufficient Signup and view all the answers

Which data structure is growable and pseudo-dynamic?

Vectors Signup and view all the answers

Which linear data structure is often used for organizing computer memory?

Arrays Signup and view all the answers

Which linear collection is an example of a linear list?

Lists Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a list data structure?

Supports manipulation of elements at any point Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the elements in a list?

Every element can be modified while they remain in the list Signup and view all the answers

How would you define a list in the context of programming?

A data structure that stores elements in a sequential order Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of items in a list?

They can contain duplicates Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical position and logical order in LinkedList-based implementations?

Physical position is not equal to logical order Signup and view all the answers

In a list, what is the relationship between physical position and logical order in array-based implementations?

Physical position equals logical order Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of items in a list?

They are ordered Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows linear data structures to access and manipulate elements at any point?

Position abstraction Signup and view all the answers

Which linear data structure is often used for organizing computer memory?

Stack Signup and view all the answers

What is the practical effectiveness of linear Abstract Data Types (ADTs)?

They are inefficient for insertion and deletion Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of physically ordered (Arrays) data structure?

Static size, “growable” is an illusion Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of logically ordered (Linked lists) data structure?

Variable size, easy to grow or shrink as needed Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of physically ordered (Arrays) compared to logically ordered (Linked lists)?

Add/remove operations are expensive – must shift all elements – $O(n)$ Signup and view all the answers

Which type of list operation relies on the value of the element or property of the data structure?

Content-based Signup and view all the answers

Which list operation allows for random access based on the index of the element?

get(i) Signup and view all the answers

Which list operation is relative to a specific position, usually provided via an iterator?

hasNext() Signup and view all the answers

Which operation allows for random access based on the index of the element in a list?

indexOf(obj) Signup and view all the answers

Which operation checks if the list contains a specific element based on its value?

contains(obj) Signup and view all the answers

Which operation adds an element at the current position determined by the iterator in a list?

add(obj) Signup and view all the answers

What type of list operation is efficient for random access?

Index-based operations Signup and view all the answers

Which operation retrieves the element at a specific index in a list?

get(i) Signup and view all the answers

Which list operation checks if the list contains a specific element?

contains(obj) Signup and view all the answers

Which list operation adds an element at the current position determined by the iterator?

add(obj) Signup and view all the answers

Which list operation retrieves the element at a specific index?

get(i) Signup and view all the answers

What does each node in a linked list contain?

A single element, plus links to its successor and/or predecessor Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tail in a linked list?

It marks the end of the linked list Signup and view all the answers

What connects the nodes in a linked list?

Links Signup and view all the answers

What is a linked list?

A sequence of nodes connected by links, with a head and a tail Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the head in a linked list?

Points to the first node in the list Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tail in a linked list?

Marks the end of the list Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic unique to linked lists compared to arrays?

The size changes as nodes are added or removed Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of links in a linked list?

They connect the nodes and define the structure of the linked list Signup and view all the answers

What makes it possible to manipulate individual elements and the structure of a linked list?

The ability to manipulate the links Signup and view all the answers

What allows linked lists to change their structure by manipulating the links?

Dynamic memory allocation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the length of a linked list?

It is the number of nodes Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of a linked list change as nodes are added and removed?

It changes dynamically Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consequence of insertion or deletion in a linked list?

No shifting of data elements is required Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of resizing a linked list during insertion or deletion?

No extra memory cost and no copying of data elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the lack of direct/random access in a linked list?

Traversal must start at the head and follow the links until the desired position is reached Signup and view all the answers

What does each node in a singly-linked list (SLL) contain?

A single element and a link to the node's successor Signup and view all the answers

What does the head of a singly-linked list (SLL) contain?

A link to the SLL's first node Signup and view all the answers

What does the tail of a singly-linked list (SLL) refer to?

The node containing a null link Signup and view all the answers

What does each Singly-Linked List (SLL) node contain?

A single element and a link to the node’s successor Signup and view all the answers

What does the SLL head contain?

A link to the SLL’s first node (or a null link if the SLL is empty) Signup and view all the answers

What does the SLL tail point to?

The SLL’s last node Signup and view all the answers

What does the SLLNode Java class implement?

Singly-Linked List (SLL) nodes Signup and view all the answers

What does the SLLNode constructor take as parameters?

Element and successor Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'next' attribute in the SLLNode class?

To point to the next node in the linked list Signup and view all the answers

What does the SLLNode constructor in the given text do?

Creates a tail with the given element and a null successor link Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of the caller when using the SLLNode constructor?

Creating the successor link to the constructed tail Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'next' attribute in the SLLNode class?

To reference the next node in the singly-linked list Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the head of a singly-linked list (SLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the tail of a singly-linked list (SLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for adding a new node at any position except the head or the tail in a singly-linked list (SLL)?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for deleting the head node from a singly-linked list (SLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for deleting the tail node from a singly-linked list (SLL)?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for deleting a node from a singly-linked list (SLL) at any position except the head or the tail?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is used to swap elements in a singly-linked list (SLL)?

temp = A.getNext(); A.setNext(B.getNext()); B.setNext(temp); Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for finding the elements to be swapped in a singly-linked list (SLL)?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario can elements in a singly-linked list be swapped by just swapping the data?

If all elements are of the same data type Signup and view all the answers

What does each Doubly-Linked List (DLL) node contain?

A single element, plus links to the node’s successor and predecessor Signup and view all the answers

What does the DLL header contain?

Links to the DLL’s first and last nodes (or null links if the DLL is empty) Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of links in a Doubly-Linked List (DLL)?

Both directions, connecting each node to its successor and predecessor Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'element' attribute in the DLLNode Java class represent?

The data stored in the node Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'prev' attribute in the DLLNode Java class?

To reference the previous node in the doubly linked list Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of the DLLNode constructor in the given Java class?

To initialize the element, prev, and next attributes of a node Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'tail' attribute in the DLL Java class?

To keep track of the last node in the doubly linked list Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'head' attribute in the DLL Java class represent?

Reference to the first node in the doubly linked list Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'DLLNode' class in the given Java code?

To represent individual nodes in the doubly linked list Signup and view all the answers

What does the DLL header typically contain?

Pointers to the first and last nodes of the doubly-linked list Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a DLL node in a doubly-linked list?

It stores data and maintains references to the previous and next nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a doubly-linked list (DLL) compared to a singly-linked list (SLL)?

Each node contains a reference to the previous and next nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a DLL node and a DLL header class?

A DLL node contains data and references to the previous and next nodes, while a DLL header class typically contains metadata and a reference to the first node Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a DLL header in a doubly-linked list?

To provide a starting point for traversing the list and to store metadata about the list Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a DLL node in a doubly-linked list?

It contains data and references to the previous and next nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the head of a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the tail of a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for adding a new node at the head of a singly-linked list (SLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for finding the correct position in a linked list?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for inserting a new node at the correct position in a linked list?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of operations for inserting a new node at the correct position in a linked list, assuming 'curr' is the index?

curr.getPrev().setNext(new); new.setPrev(curr.getPrev()); curr.setPrev(new); new.setNext(curr); Signup and view all the answers

What does the line 'curr.getPrev().setNext(new);' accomplish?

Updates the next pointer of the node before the curr node to point to the new node Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the line 'new.setNext(curr);'?

Sets the next pointer of the new node to point to the curr node Signup and view all the answers

What does the line 'new.setPrev(curr.getPrev());' achieve?

Sets the prev pointer of the new node to point to the node before the curr node Signup and view all the answers

What does the line 'new.setNext(curr);' achieve in a linked list insertion process?

It sets the next pointer of the new node to point to the curr node Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'next' attribute in the SLLNode class?

It points to the next node in the linked list Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the lack of direct/random access in a linked list?

It may result in slower search operations compared to arrays Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for removing a single node from a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the head and tail of a doubly-linked list (DLL) when a single node is removed?

Both head and tail may need to be updated Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for removing a specific node at position 'i' from a doubly-linked list (DLL) with 'n' nodes?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for removing a node at an unknown position from a doubly-linked list (DLL) with 'n' nodes?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for removing a node at a specific index in a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

Which operation allows you to delete from the head of a linked list?

head.getNext().setPrev(null) Signup and view all the answers

Which operation allows you to delete from the head of a DDL?

D) tail.getPrev().setNext(null) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for deleting from the tail of a doubly-linked list?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for deleting from the head of a doubly-linked list?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for deleting a node from a linked list at a specific index?

O(n) for finding the correct position, O(1) for deletion Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of operations for deleting a node from a linked list at a given index?

curr.getPrev().setNext(curr.getNext()); curr.getNext().setPrev(curr.getPrev()); Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for finding the correct position to delete a node from a linked list?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for finding the elements to be swapped in a singly-linked list (SLL)?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

What is the trade-off for using a doubly-linked list (DLL) over a singly-linked list (SLL)?

Extra overhead to maintain bidirectional links Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of operations for swapping elements A and B in a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

temp = A.getNext(); A.setNext(B.getNext()); B.setNext(temp); Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for swapping elements in a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the trade-off for using a doubly-linked list (DLL) over a singly-linked list (SLL)?

Better performance but with extra overhead to maintain bidirectional links Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for finding the correct position to delete a node from a linked list?

O(n) Signup and view all the answers

What is the time complexity for swapping elements in a doubly-linked list (DLL)?

O(1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main trade-off between DLL and SLL in terms of performance?

DLL performs better but has extra overhead to maintain bidirectional links Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between traversal and iteration?

Traversal involves a complete walkthrough of the data, while iteration visits each element exactly once in a specific order Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of traversing or iterating a data structure?

For insertion, deletion, searching, and sorting Signup and view all the answers

What is the note about linear data structures in relation to traversal and iteration?

There is no difference in traversal and iteration for linear data structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between traversal and iteration in a data structure?

Traversal covers all elements without a specific order, while iteration involves visiting each element in a specific order. Signup and view all the answers

What does iteration involve in terms of visiting elements in a data structure?

Progressing through the elements in a sequential manner, often from the beginning to the end Signup and view all the answers

How would you differentiate between traversal and iteration in a data structure?

Traversal is a broader term that encompasses any process of visiting elements, while iteration is a more specific concept involving a systematic visitation of elements in a particular order. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the index in iterating through an array?

Accessing each element in order Signup and view all the answers

How are elements accessed in a singly-linked list when traversing?

Following the links to access each element in order Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between iterating through an array and traversing a linked list?

Using the index for arrays and following links for linked lists Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Iterator Design Pattern?

Provides uniform access to all elements Signup and view all the answers

How are 'Safe' implementations of the Iterator Design Pattern defined?

Creating every instance of the iterator as a copy (snapshot) of the data structure Signup and view all the answers

How is the Iterator usually implemented?

As an inner class Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Iterator Design Pattern?

Provides uniform access to all elements, independent of the underlying data structure Signup and view all the answers

How are 'Safe' implementations of the Iterator Design Pattern characterized?

They create every instance of the iterator as a copy (snapshot) of the data structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'current' position in the Iterator Design Pattern?

To indicate the position of the element being accessed Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of creating an iterator instance as a copy (snapshot) of the data structure in 'safe' implementations?

To ensure that the iterator operates on a consistent state of the data structure Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'safe' imply in the context of 'safe' implementations of iterators?

The iteration process is less prone to issues caused by concurrent modifications to the data structure Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a data structure is modified while being iterated in 'safe' implementations?

The ongoing iteration is not affected by the modifications to the original data structure Signup and view all the answers

Why is creating a copy or snapshot of the data structure important for each iterator instance in 'safe' implementations?

To ensure that the iterator operates on a consistent state of the data structure Signup and view all the answers

Which interface in Java is similar to the ListADT interface?

java.util.List Signup and view all the answers

How is each list represented in java.util.LinkedList?

By a doubly linked list (DLL) Signup and view all the answers

What does java.util.ArrayList implement in Java?

java.util.List interface Signup and view all the answers

Which interface does java.util.ArrayList implement?

java.util.List Signup and view all the answers

How does java.util.LinkedList represent each list?

By a doubly linked list (DLL) Signup and view all the answers

What does java.util.ListADT interface represent?

A list abstract data type Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Linear Data Structures

A linear list is an example of a linear data structure
Linear data structures are growable and pseudo-dynamic
Elements in a linear data structure are arranged in a specific order
What makes a data structure linear is the way elements are arranged in a specific order
Linear ADTs are practically effective
An array is an example of a linear data structure used for organizing computer memory
A characteristic of a list data structure is that elements are arranged in a specific order
Elements in a list are arranged in a specific order

LinkedList-Based Implementations

In LinkedList-based implementations, physical position and logical order are not directly related
In array-based implementations, physical position and logical order are directly related
Linear data structures allow access and manipulation of elements at any point
Arrays are physically ordered, while linked lists are logically ordered
A disadvantage of physically ordered arrays compared to logically ordered linked lists is the complexity of insertion and deletion operations

List Operations

There are several types of list operations, including:
- Index-based operations (e.g., retrieving an element at a specific index)
- Iterator-based operations (e.g., adding an element at a specific position)
- Value-based operations (e.g., checking if the list contains a specific element)
Random access is efficient for array-based implementations
Linked lists do not support direct/random access

Singly-Linked Lists (SLLs)

Each node in a singly-linked list contains a reference to the next node
The head of a singly-linked list contains a reference to the first node
The tail of a singly-linked list refers to the last node
Links connect nodes in a singly-linked list
A key characteristic of singly-linked lists is the absence of direct access
Linked lists can change their structure by manipulating links
The size of a singly-linked list changes as nodes are added and removed
A key consequence of insertion or deletion in a singly-linked list is the need to update links
A significant advantage of resizing a singly-linked list during insertion or deletion is efficient use of memory

Doubly-Linked Lists (DLLs)

Each node in a doubly-linked list contains references to both the previous and next nodes
The header of a doubly-linked list contains references to the first and last nodes
A key characteristic of doubly-linked lists is the presence of both previous and next references
The time complexity for adding a new node at the head or tail of a doubly-linked list is O(1)
The time complexity for adding a new node at an unknown position in a doubly-linked list is O(n)

DLL Node and Header Classes

Each DLL node contains a reference to the previous and next nodes
The DLL header contains references to the first and last nodes
The purpose of the 'prev' attribute in the DLL node class is to reference the previous node
The purpose of the 'next' attribute in the DLL node class is to reference the next node
The DLL header typically contains references to the first and last nodes

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Description

Test your knowledge of Abstract Data Types (ADTs) with this quiz covering linear lists, stacks, queues, hierarchical structures such as binary search trees, binary heaps, AVL trees, and B-trees, as well as hashing techniques like hash tables. Graphs are not included in this quiz.