gynalogicla systems
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Which of the following is NOT a known cause of vaginal bleeding?

  • Menstruation
  • Colnoscopy procedures
  • Gynaecological cancers
  • Eating spicy food (correct)

    • Female genital mutilation is legal in the UK.

    False

    What is menorrhagia?

    Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.

    Genital trauma can be defined as any damage or trauma to the ______ areas.

    <p>external or internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gynaecological conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Vaginal tissue damage = Injury to the vaginal walls Surgical termination of pregnancy = Medical procedure to end a pregnancy Prolapsed uterus = Uterus descends into the vaginal canal Dysmenorrhea = Severe pain during menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with dysmenorrhea?

    <p>Excessive pain during menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trauma is a potential cause of vaginal tissue damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the legal action required when FGM is disclosed in children?

    <p>A safeguarding referral to the police.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menorrhagia may be treated using _______ medications.

    <p>hormonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used for medical termination of pregnancy?

    <p>Medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age-standardised abortion rate in the UK in 2021?

    <p>18.6 per 1,000 women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Termination of pregnancy can only be legally carried out until 20 weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two medicines usually used in medical termination of pregnancy?

    <p>Mifepristone and Misoprostol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women can access medical termination of pregnancy in early pregnancy via _____ during the pandemic.

    <p>telemedicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Abortion = Termination of pregnancy MTOP = Medical Termination of Pregnancy Pills by Post = Telemedicine access for early termination Gestational age = Duration of pregnancy measured in weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstance can termination of pregnancy legally occur after 24 weeks?

    <p>If the woman’s life is at risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Newborn Assessment Card is used for decision making regarding resuscitation if a fetus appears viable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary if excessive bleeding occurs post-termination?

    <p>Call 999</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time interval between taking the two medicines for medical termination of pregnancy?

    <p>24-48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unsafe means of termination of pregnancy can occur in rare cases when women are over _____ weeks' gestation.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A prolapsed uterus is usually life-threatening.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the medical reasons for seeking a termination of pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal abnormality diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual setting for a surgical termination of pregnancy?

    <p>Outpatient surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ can cause shock or vaso-vagal symptoms.

    <p>prolapsed uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Heaviness around lower abdomen = A sensation commonly reported in prolapsed uterus Bulge or lump in vagina = Visible symptom of a prolapsed uterus Excessive bleeding = Potential indicator of post-partum hemorrhage Discomfort during intercourse = Related to pelvic floor weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used for a surgical termination of pregnancy?

    <p>Local anaesthetic, sedation, or general anaesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not important to offer pain relief in the management of gynaecological conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if a patient is experiencing shock, hypoxia, or hypovolemia?

    <p>Administer oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post-surgical termination, women should call 999 if they notice any ______ bleeding.

    <p>excessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed first in the management of gynaecological conditions?

    <p>Time-critical features/red flags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age-standardised abortion rate in the UK in 2021?

    <p>18.6 per 1,000 women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Termination of pregnancy is legal beyond 24 weeks in all circumstances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two medicines typically used in medical termination of pregnancy.

    <p>Mifepristone and Misoprostol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women can access medical termination of pregnancy through _____ during the pandemic.

    <p>telemedicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following circumstances with their associated descriptions:

    <p>Legal termination up to 24 weeks = Social reasons Post-24 weeks termination = Limited circumstances only Medical termination of pregnancy = Mifepristone and Misoprostol Unsafe termination = Rare cases with serious risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of genital trauma?

    <p>Post-coital tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Female genital mutilation is legal in the UK.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical condition is characterized by abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding?

    <p>Menorrhagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The procedure involving the partial or total removal of the external genitalia is known as ______.

    <p>female genital mutilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gynaecological conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Dysmenorrhea = Excessive pain associated with menstruation Prolapsed uterus = Uterine descent into the vaginal canal Vaginal tissue damage = Injury to the vagina or surrounding areas Surgical termination of pregnancy = Medical process of ending a pregnancy surgically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a cause of vaginal bleeding?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trauma does not contribute to vaginal tissue damage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required if physical signs of female genital mutilation are observed?

    <p>Report to the police under the Serious Crime Act 2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with a prolapsed uterus?

    <p>A feeling of heaviness around the lower abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive bleeding post-termination is classified as a complication that requires immediate medical attention.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anaesthetic may be used during a surgical termination of pregnancy?

    <p>local anaesthetic, sedation or general anaesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A prolapsed uterus occurs when the uterus drops down into the ______.

    <p>vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following post-termination care advice with the appropriate action:

    <p>Call 999 = If noticing excessive bleeding Maternal Assessment Card = Used for monitoring post-termination Outpatient surgery = Allows women to return home the same day Compassionate support = Essential for all patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if a patient expresses shock, hypoxia, or hypovolemia?

    <p>Consider paramedic assistance and administer oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is advisable for women experiencing normal post-termination discomfort to seek immediate medical help.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'C, A, B, C, D, E' approach help assess in management of gynaecological conditions?

    <p>time critical features/red flags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gynaecological Conditions Overview

    • Gynaecological conditions include vaginal tissue damage, termination of pregnancy, prolapsed uterus, menorrhagia, and dysmenorrhea.
    • Management approaches should operate within the scope of practice for healthcare professionals.

    Vaginal Bleeding

    • Commonly caused by menstruation, post-termination (surgical/medical), gynaecological procedures, cancers, or trauma.
    • Most cases do not severely compromise circulation but may cause alarm.

    Genital Trauma

    • Refers to damage to external and internal genital areas, including the labia, vagina, cervix, and perineum.
    • Causes include post-coital tears, female genital mutilation (FGM), penetrating injuries, and sexual abuse.

    Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

    • Involves partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to genital organs.
    • Most commonly performed on girls aged 0-15, often before puberty, and is illegal in the UK.

    Safeguarding in FGM Cases

    • Mandatory reporting to police under the Serious Crime Act 2015 if FGM is suspected or disclosed.
    • Type 3 or 4 FGM observed during labor can lead to severe complications or obstructed birth.

    Termination of Pregnancy

    • Legal in the UK up to 24 weeks for social reasons; after 24 weeks, it's permitted under specific medical conditions.
    • The age-standardized abortion rate in the UK was 18.6 per 1,000 women in 2021.

    Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTOP)

    • Involves two medications (Mifepristone and Misoprostol) taken 24-48 hours apart.
    • Early pregnancy MTOP can be accessed via telemedicine due to pandemic adaptations.

    Surgical Termination of Pregnancy

    • Carried out under local anesthesia, sedation, or general anesthesia, depending on gestational age.
    • Typically performed as outpatient surgery allowing women to return home the same day.

    Post-Termination Care

    • Normal to experience some bleeding/discomfort for up to 2 weeks.
    • Excessive bleeding should be treated as a postpartum hemorrhage, requiring pre-alert to an obstetric unit.

    Prolapsed Uterus

    • Occurs when the uterus descends into the vagina due to weakened pelvic support structures.
    • While usually not life-threatening, it may cause shock and vaso-vagal symptoms.

    Symptoms of Prolapsed Uterus

    • Feelings of heaviness in the lower abdomen/genitals.
    • Discomfort or numbness during sexual intercourse and observable bulges in the vagina.
    • Issues with urination may arise.

    Management of Gynaecological Conditions

    • Utilize an A B C D E (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure) approach for assessment.
    • Identify time-critical features; if present, initiate pre-alert protocols.
    • Provide oxygen if the patient is in shock, hypoxic, or hypovolaemic.
    • For non-time-critical cases, conduct a secondary survey and prepare for transfer to the emergency department.
    • Emotional support and pain relief should always be offered.

    Gynaecological Conditions Overview

    • Gynaecological conditions include vaginal tissue damage, termination of pregnancy, prolapsed uterus, menorrhagia, and dysmenorrhea.
    • Management approaches should operate within the scope of practice for healthcare professionals.

    Vaginal Bleeding

    • Commonly caused by menstruation, post-termination (surgical/medical), gynaecological procedures, cancers, or trauma.
    • Most cases do not severely compromise circulation but may cause alarm.

    Genital Trauma

    • Refers to damage to external and internal genital areas, including the labia, vagina, cervix, and perineum.
    • Causes include post-coital tears, female genital mutilation (FGM), penetrating injuries, and sexual abuse.

    Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

    • Involves partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to genital organs.
    • Most commonly performed on girls aged 0-15, often before puberty, and is illegal in the UK.

    Safeguarding in FGM Cases

    • Mandatory reporting to police under the Serious Crime Act 2015 if FGM is suspected or disclosed.
    • Type 3 or 4 FGM observed during labor can lead to severe complications or obstructed birth.

    Termination of Pregnancy

    • Legal in the UK up to 24 weeks for social reasons; after 24 weeks, it's permitted under specific medical conditions.
    • The age-standardized abortion rate in the UK was 18.6 per 1,000 women in 2021.

    Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTOP)

    • Involves two medications (Mifepristone and Misoprostol) taken 24-48 hours apart.
    • Early pregnancy MTOP can be accessed via telemedicine due to pandemic adaptations.

    Surgical Termination of Pregnancy

    • Carried out under local anesthesia, sedation, or general anesthesia, depending on gestational age.
    • Typically performed as outpatient surgery allowing women to return home the same day.

    Post-Termination Care

    • Normal to experience some bleeding/discomfort for up to 2 weeks.
    • Excessive bleeding should be treated as a postpartum hemorrhage, requiring pre-alert to an obstetric unit.

    Prolapsed Uterus

    • Occurs when the uterus descends into the vagina due to weakened pelvic support structures.
    • While usually not life-threatening, it may cause shock and vaso-vagal symptoms.

    Symptoms of Prolapsed Uterus

    • Feelings of heaviness in the lower abdomen/genitals.
    • Discomfort or numbness during sexual intercourse and observable bulges in the vagina.
    • Issues with urination may arise.

    Management of Gynaecological Conditions

    • Utilize an A B C D E (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure) approach for assessment.
    • Identify time-critical features; if present, initiate pre-alert protocols.
    • Provide oxygen if the patient is in shock, hypoxic, or hypovolaemic.
    • For non-time-critical cases, conduct a secondary survey and prepare for transfer to the emergency department.
    • Emotional support and pain relief should always be offered.

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