ABO Blood Group System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What indicates that an individual is a 'secretor' regarding the Se locus?

  • The presence of se/se genotype
  • At least one copy of the Se gene (correct)
  • The ability to process H antigens into A and B antigens (correct)
  • The absence of fucosyltransferase

    • What characteristic differentiates non-secretors at the Se locus?

  • They have Se/Se genotype
  • They secrete A and B antigens
  • They can produce H antigen
  • They are homozygous for null alleles (correct)

    • Which is NOT an indication for ABO grouping?

  • Blood donations
  • Paternity testing
  • Diagnosing diabetes (correct)
  • Determining organ compatibility

    • What does forward typing in ABO typing refer to?

    <p>Determining patient or donor cell antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is knowing ABO compatibility crucial for organ transplant candidates?

    <p>ABO antigens are present in various tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are symptoms of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (ABO-HDN) associated with ABO grouping?

    <p>They signal potential blood type incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which weak subgroup of A does not react significantly with anti-A antisera?

    <p>A3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of genetic locus is the Se locus considered to be?

    <p>A gene encoding a specific fucosyltransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of individuals who lack A and B antigens?

    <p>They suggest that antigens have no important functions in modern times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do ABO antibodies typically begin to appear in individuals?

    <p>3-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the O gene is correct?

    <p>The O gene is recessive and only expressed when inherited from both parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which allele combinations correspond to the Group A phenotype?

    <p>A/A or A/O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason the ABO blood group system is significant for transfusion practice?

    <p>Antibodies are naturally present without prior exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do transferases play in the context of A, B, and H antigens?

    <p>They catalyze the addition of sugars to the oligosaccharide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies are produced in the first years of life as part of the ABO system?

    <p>IgM antibodies generated from environmental exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about inheritance patterns of the A and B genes is true?

    <p>B/O parents can pass either B or O genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ABO antigens characterized in terms of their biological structure?

    <p>Glycolipids attached directly to lipids on the red cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about the ABO antigens at birth?

    <p>They are only moderately well developed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a characteristic of the natural antibodies of the ABO system?

    <p>They are absent in newborns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes do individuals inherit related to the ABO blood group system?

    <p>One gene from each parent, totaling two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of ABO incompatibility during blood transfusion?

    <p>Activation of complement leading to hemolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where else, besides red blood cells, can ABO antigens be found?

    <p>In plasma, saliva, and other secretions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the antibodies present in the ABO system?

    <p>They can easily activate complement and are often IgM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the term 'O' in the ABO system is correct?

    <p>'O' is often referred to as zero or null in various languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reverse typing in ABO typing?

    <p>To determine antibodies in the patient's serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of using human-source reagents for blood typing?

    <p>They can carry the risk of infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about subgroups of A and B is true?

    <p>Approximately 80% of A and AB individuals express A1 normally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done if the forward and reverse typing results do not agree?

    <p>Identify the cause of the discrepancy or report as UNKNOWN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lectin Ulex europaeus in blood typing?

    <p>It agglutinates cells with H substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with blood group A will have which type of antibodies in their serum?

    <p>IgM antibodies against B antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies do blood group B individuals possess?

    <p>IgM antibodies against A antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do monoclonal antibodies have over human-source reagents?

    <p>They can be produced in unlimited quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the H, A, and B genes play in blood group antigen expression?

    <p>They produce transferases that add specific sugars to oligosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body fluids contain a soluble form of ABO blood group antigens in secretors?

    <p>Saliva and all bodily fluids except cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a person 'acquire' the B antigen during an illness?

    <p>Through bacterial infection that modifies the A1 antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can hematological cancers have on ABO blood group antigens?

    <p>They can modify sugar chains bearing the ABO antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Bombay blood group?

    <p>It lacks the H gene and cannot produce the H antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common consequence of illnesses affecting blood group antigen expression?

    <p>Loss of ABO blood group antigens due to increased RBC demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population typically represents the A2 and A2B subgroups?

    <p>Around 20%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are known to adsorb ABO blood group antigens from plasma?

    <p>B cells, T cells, and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Groups

    • A blood group system is defined by a collection of antigens, each with similar characteristics.
    • Blood group system antigens are inherited according to a specific pattern.

    ABO Blood Group System

    • The most important blood group system for transfusion practice.
    • Antibodies are naturally present in the serum of individuals lacking the corresponding antigen.
    • ABO antibodies are IgM and can cause hemolysis and death.
    • Each red blood cell has 800,000 to 2 million ABO antigens.
    • ABO antigens are glycolipids and can be found in plasma, saliva, secretions, and other tissues.

    Function of ABO Antigens

    • The function of ABO antigens is unknown.
    • Individuals lacking A and B antigens are healthy, suggesting the antigens are not essential.

    ABO Antibodies

    • Naturally occurring IgM antibodies.
    • Antibodies agglutinate at 30°C and below.
    • Not present at birth and appear around 3-6 months.

    ABO Inheritance

    • ABO genes are located on chromosome 9.
    • Individuals inherit one gene from each parent.
    • A and B genes are co-dominant and can be expressed even with a single gene inherited.
    • O gene is recessive and is only expressed when inherited from both parents.

    ABO Phenotypes and Genotypes

    • Group A phenotype: A/A or A/O genotype.
    • Group B phenotype: B/B or B/O genotype.
    • Group O phenotype: O/O genotype.
    • Group AB phenotype: A/B genotype.

    ABO Antigen Production

    • Transferases control the addition of specific sugars to the oligosaccharide chain.
    • Different transferases are produced by H, A, and B genes.

    Expression of ABO Antigens

    • Expressed on various tissues, including epithelial and endothelial cells.
    • Each red blood cell expresses 800,000 to 2 million ABO antigens.
    • Secretors: Have soluble ABO antigens in bodily fluids, except cerebrospinal fluid.

    Bombay Blood Group

    • Lacks H gene, resulting in the inability to produce H antigen.
    • Also lacks A and B antigens.
    • Types as O and has anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H antibodies.

    Subgroups of A and B

    • Subgroups are caused by decreased antigens on red blood cells.
    • Most common are subgroups of A.
    • A1: Represents 80% of A and AB individuals.

    Lectins

    • Plant extracts that react with specific antigens.
    • Ulex europaeus (lectin H): Agglutinates cells with H substance.
    • Dolichos biflouros (lectin A1): Agglutinates cells with A1 antigen.

    ABO Typing

    • Forward typing: Determines antigens on red blood cells.
    • Reverse typing: Determines antibodies in serum or plasma.

    ABO Typing Discrepancies

    • Forward and reverse typing results should match.
    • If results disagree, identify the cause of discrepancy.
    • If unresolved, report blood type as UNKNOWN and give group O blood.

    Secretors

    • Controlled by the Se locus (FUT2).
    • Se/Se or Se/se genotype: Secretors, produce soluble H antigen.
    • se/se genotype: Non-secretors, cannot produce soluble H antigen.

    Indications for ABO Grouping

    • Blood donors.
    • Transfusion recipients.
    • Organ transplant candidates and donors.
    • Prenatal patients for detecting ABO-HDFN.
    • Newborns, especially if demonstrating HDFN symptoms.
    • Paternity testing.

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    ABO Blood Group System PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the ABO blood group system, including its antigens, antibodies, and inheritance patterns. This quiz covers essential facts that are critical for understanding blood transfusion practices and human genetics. Ideal for students in biology and healthcare fields.

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