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Questions and Answers
What does flashbulb memory refer to?
What does flashbulb memory refer to?
The vivid and detailed recollection of a significant and emotionally charged event.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the brain?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a severe fear of gaining __________.
Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a severe fear of gaining __________.
weight
In the process of psychological assessment, psychologists use tests designed to measure and observe a patient's behavior.
In the process of psychological assessment, psychologists use tests designed to measure and observe a patient's behavior.
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What is the term for an aversive stimulus presented after a response with the intention of suppressing that response?
What is the term for an aversive stimulus presented after a response with the intention of suppressing that response?
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In operant conditioning, what term is used for an event that strengthens a response that follows it?
In operant conditioning, what term is used for an event that strengthens a response that follows it?
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Latent learning refers to situations where behavior is manifested as soon as the learning occurs.
Latent learning refers to situations where behavior is manifested as soon as the learning occurs.
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_______ Memory is where information is recoded or reorganized into meaningful units for short-term storage.
_______ Memory is where information is recoded or reorganized into meaningful units for short-term storage.
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What is the term used to describe a disabling condition that impacts an individual's social, occupational, or other important activities?
What is the term used to describe a disabling condition that impacts an individual's social, occupational, or other important activities?
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Psychiatric or mental health epidemiology refers to the study of the occurrence of mental disorders in only specific individuals.
Psychiatric or mental health epidemiology refers to the study of the occurrence of mental disorders in only specific individuals.
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The study of psychological disorders is known as ____________.
The study of psychological disorders is known as ____________.
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What is the term used to describe when two or more mental disorders are occurring simultaneously in the same individual?
What is the term used to describe when two or more mental disorders are occurring simultaneously in the same individual?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the term used to refer to the activation of the body?
What is the term used to refer to the activation of the body?
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Which brain neurotransmitter is crucial for controlling stress responses, arousal, attention, and cognitive function?
Which brain neurotransmitter is crucial for controlling stress responses, arousal, attention, and cognitive function?
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The sensation seeking trait is associated with people who prefer low levels of stimulation.
The sensation seeking trait is associated with people who prefer low levels of stimulation.
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According to Abraham Maslow, the ordering of human needs is based on their presumed strength or potency, with the first four levels being __________ motives.
According to Abraham Maslow, the ordering of human needs is based on their presumed strength or potency, with the first four levels being __________ motives.
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Match the following theories of emotion with their descriptions:
Match the following theories of emotion with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Introduction to Abnormal Psychology
- Abnormal psychology studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that signify a mental disorder
- It involves understanding and managing mental health issues, developing treatments, and promoting mental health awareness
Statistical Data
- Prevalence: the number of people in the population who have a disorder
- Incidence: the number of new cases of a disorder during a given period
- Course of Disorder: the pattern of development, continuation, and outcome of a disorder
- Chronic Course: lasting a long time, sometimes a lifetime (e.g., Schizophrenia)
- Episodic Course: likely to recover within a few months, with recurrence at a later time (e.g., Mood Disorders)
- Time-limited Course: improving without treatment in a relatively short period
- Onset of Disorder: the initial phase of a disease or condition, when symptoms first become apparent
- Acute Onset: sudden onset
- Insidious Onset: gradual development over an extended period
Defining Abnormality
- Dysfunction: a clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
- Distress: a disabling condition that impairs social, occupational, or other important activities
- Deviance: behavior that fails to follow social norms
- Dangerousness: behavior that threatens the safety of oneself or others
Studying Psychological Disorders
- Psychopathology: the study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
- Classification: organizing and naming mental disorders
- Epidemiology: the scientific study of the frequency and causes of diseases in a population
- Prognosis: the anticipated course of a disorder
Learning
- Classical Conditioning: a type of learning where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
- Operant Conditioning: a type of learning where behavior is modified by its consequences
- Reinforcement: any event that strengthens a response
- Punishment: an aversive stimulus that suppresses a response
Memory
- Encoding: the process of taking in information from the environment
- Storage: the process of holding information for some period of time
- Retrieval: the process of accessing stored information
- Information-Processing Model: a model of memory that involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of information### Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model
- A model of memory derived from work in artificial intelligence (AI)
- Focuses on simultaneous processing of information across multiple neural networks
- Digit-Span Test: a memory test where a series of numbers is read to subjects, who then recall the numbers in order
- Magical Number Seven: the capacity of short-term memory to remember seven items or pieces of information, plus or minus two items
- Chunking: the process of recoding or reorganizing information into meaningful units or chunks to be held in short-term memory
Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems
- Proposes three stages of memory that vary in duration and capacity
- Information must be processed effectively at earlier stages before long-term storage occurs
- Three stages:
- Sensory Memory
- First stage of memory, where information enters the nervous system through sensory systems
- Encodes information as neural messages in the nervous system
- Limited capacity and duration
- Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Information from sensory memory enters consciousness
- Lasts from 12 to 30 seconds
- Selective attention focuses on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information
- Working memory actively processes information in short-term memory
- Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- All information is placed to be kept more or less permanently
- Duration is relatively permanent; capacity seems unlimited for practical purposes
- Sensory Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Declarative (Explicit) LTM
- About all the things that people can know - facts and information
- Procedural Memory
- Includes skills and habits
- Semantic Memory
- Knowledge and understanding of general facts and concepts
- Episodic Memory
- Personal knowledge of one's daily life
- Flashbulb Memory
- Vivid and detailed recollection of a significant and emotionally charged event
Perception and Psychology
- Our minds naturally organize sensory information into meaningful patterns and wholes
- Perception involves recognizing patterns and wholes rather than individual elements
- Gestalt Psychology Principles:
- Figure-Ground
- People perceive objects as either in the foreground or background
- Similarity
- When things appear similar, we group them together
- Proximity
- Things that are close together appear more related than things spaced farther apart
- Common Region
- When objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as grouped together
- Closure
- We tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern when looking at a complex arrangement of visual elements
- Focal Point
- Whatever stands out visually will capture our attention first
- Figure-Ground
Assessment and Gestalt Psychology
- Psychological assessment: the process of collecting information to develop an overall understanding of someone
- Psychological testing: a process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures
- Gestalt principles applied to psychology:
- Contact Boundary
- The organism and the environment exist in a relationship of mutuality or dialectical relationship
- Psychological evaluations serve the same purpose as introducing oneself to a new context### Emotions
- Contact Boundary
- Emotional appraisal refers to evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus
- Emotional intelligence: the ability to perceive, use, understand, and manage emotions
- It enhances one's quality of agreeableness
Theories of Emotions
- James-Lange: emotional stimulus, then behavior, arousal, and emotional feeling
- Cannon-Bard: emotional stimulus, thalamus, ANS arousal, behavior, and emotional feeling
- Schachter: emotional stimulus, arousal, labeling, and emotional feeling
Intelligence
- Capacity to act purposefully and think rationally
- General intelligence (G factor): reasoning, problem-solving, memory, etc.
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ): person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
- Types of intelligence tests:
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: measure 5 cognitive factors
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: measures verbal and performance (non-verbal) intelligence
- Individual Intelligence Test: e.g. Bender Visual Motor Gestalt test
- Group Intelligence Test
Theories of Intelligence
- Theory of General Intelligence (Charles Spearman): intelligence is one general mental capability represented as g factor
- Theory of Primary Mental Ability (Louis Thurstone): intelligence is not one general factor but a small set of independent factors
- Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence (Raymond Catell): fluid intelligence (biologically based) and crystallized intelligence (knowledge and skills acquired through experience)
- Triarchic Theory (Robert Sternberg): analytic, creative, and practical intelligence
- Multiple Intelligence (Howard Gardner): multiple independent types of intelligence
Thinking
- Internal representation of external stimulus or situation
- Basic unit of thought: images, concepts, and language
- Cognition: mentally processed information
Concept Formation
- Process of classifying information
- Concept Identification: using prototypes or models to identify concepts
- Conceptual Rule: guideline for determining whether objects or events belong to a concept class
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Description
This quiz covers concepts in abnormal psychology, including prevalence and incidence, and unusual patterns of behavior and emotion.
