Abnormal Fracture Healing in Bone Pathology

A fracture that occurs in weakened bone due to a disease process, often with minimal or no trauma.

Conditions like osteoporosis, bone cancer, or infections can weaken bones and make them susceptible to fractures.

Normal fractures require significant force, while pathological fractures happen with minimal or no force due to pre-existing weakened bone.

Pain, swelling, tenderness, and deformity at the fracture site are common signs.

Treatment often involves surgery or immobilization depending on the cause and severity of the fracture.

A condition that affects bone metabolism, leading to weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

A chronic bone disease characterized by abnormal bone turnover and remodeling, which can weaken bones and increase fracture risk.

Both benign and malignant tumors can weaken bone, leading to increased fracture risk, even with minimal trauma.

Metabolic bone disease (osteoporosis), Paget disease, and bone tumors are common causes of pathological fractures.

Osteonecrosis, also known as avascular necrosis, is the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply.

Common causes include vascular injury, drugs (like corticosteroids), systemic diseases (like sickle cell), radiation, and sometimes the cause is unknown.

The three proposed mechanisms are: mechanical disruption of blood vessels, thrombotic occlusion (blood clots blocking vessels), and extravascular compression (pressure on vessels from outside).

Avascular necrosis frequently affects the ends of long bones like the femur, humerus, knees, shoulders, ankles, and jaw.

Common sites include the head of the femur, neck of the talus, and waist of the scaphoid.

The outer layer of the brain (cortex) is usually protected from damage due to a good blood supply, even in cases of stroke.

Strokes are most common between the ages of 30 and 50 years old.

The symptoms of a stroke depend on which part of the brain is affected by the blocked blood flow.

Infarct refers to the tissue death caused by a lack of blood flow, often due to a stroke.

The extent of damage caused by a stroke depends on how much brain tissue is affected by the blocked blood flow.

Death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply. It's like a heart attack for the bone, causing it to weaken and break easily.

Several factors can cause osteonecrosis, including trauma (e.g., fracture, surgery), steroid use, alcohol abuse, and certain diseases like sickle cell anemia.

Osteonecrosis can occur anywhere in the body, but is most common in the hip, knee, shoulder, and jaw.

Symptoms of osteonecrosis include pain, stiffness, limited range of motion, and swelling in the affected area.

Treatment for osteonecrosis depends on the severity and location. Options include medications, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.

Normal fractures require significant force, while pathological fractures happen with minimal or no force due to pre-existing weakened bone.