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Questions and Answers
What is a common cause of metabolic bone disease?
What is a common cause of metabolic bone disease?
Which condition is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling?
Which condition is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling?
Which type of tumor can be associated with bone disease?
Which type of tumor can be associated with bone disease?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic bone disease?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic bone disease?
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What type of disease is Paget disease considered to be?
What type of disease is Paget disease considered to be?
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What characterizes a pathological fracture?
What characterizes a pathological fracture?
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What is typically found in the space between the ends of a fractured bone?
What is typically found in the space between the ends of a fractured bone?
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How does a pathological fracture differ from other types of fractures?
How does a pathological fracture differ from other types of fractures?
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In the context of fractures, what does the term 'abnormal bone' refer to?
In the context of fractures, what does the term 'abnormal bone' refer to?
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Which statement about pathological fractures is true?
Which statement about pathological fractures is true?
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Which of the following is NOT a suspected mechanism causing osteonecrosis?
Which of the following is NOT a suspected mechanism causing osteonecrosis?
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What is a common site affected by avascular necrosis?
What is a common site affected by avascular necrosis?
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Which of the following is a possible cause of bone ischemia?
Which of the following is a possible cause of bone ischemia?
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What percentage of osteonecrosis cases have an unknown cause?
What percentage of osteonecrosis cases have an unknown cause?
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Which type of drugs is commonly associated with causing osteonecrosis?
Which type of drugs is commonly associated with causing osteonecrosis?
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What generally protects the cortex from being affected during an infarct?
What generally protects the cortex from being affected during an infarct?
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During which age range does the peak incidence of infarcts occur?
During which age range does the peak incidence of infarcts occur?
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What factors influence the symptoms experienced by a patient after an infarct?
What factors influence the symptoms experienced by a patient after an infarct?
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Which statement is true regarding the infarct and its impact on the body?
Which statement is true regarding the infarct and its impact on the body?
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Infarcts primarily impact which tissue when collateral blood supply is present?
Infarcts primarily impact which tissue when collateral blood supply is present?
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What does osteonecrosis refer to?
What does osteonecrosis refer to?
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Which of the following conditions is not directly associated with osteonecrosis?
Which of the following conditions is not directly associated with osteonecrosis?
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Which of the following best describes the underlying cause of osteonecrosis?
Which of the following best describes the underlying cause of osteonecrosis?
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In the context of bone conditions, which option describes a characteristic of osteonecrosis?
In the context of bone conditions, which option describes a characteristic of osteonecrosis?
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Which type of bone tissue is primarily affected by osteonecrosis?
Which type of bone tissue is primarily affected by osteonecrosis?
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What type of tumors are discussed in the content?
What type of tumors are discussed in the content?
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Which resource is specifically referenced in the content?
Which resource is specifically referenced in the content?
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What is the range of pages for the chapter covering bones, joints, and soft tissue tumors?
What is the range of pages for the chapter covering bones, joints, and soft tissue tumors?
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Which of the following best describes the content focus?
Which of the following best describes the content focus?
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What is the significance of the YouTube link provided in the resources?
What is the significance of the YouTube link provided in the resources?
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Study Notes
Abnormal Fracture Healing
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Delayed union: Callus formation and bony union occur but are slower than normal.
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Nonunion: Fracture callus formation is interrupted or incomplete. Bone ends are joined by non-osseous (fibrocartilaginous) tissue.
Pseudoarthrosis (False Joint)
- If nonunion persists, the malformed callus undergoes cystic degeneration.
- The luminal surface may become lined by synovial-like cells.
- The space between fractured bone ends may contain fluid.
Pathological Fracture
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A pathological fracture is a fracture that occurs either spontaneously or after minor trauma through an area of abnormal bone.
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Causes:
- Metabolic bone disease (osteoporosis)
- Paget's disease
- Tumors (benign or malignant)
- Simple bone cyst
- Metastatic carcinoma and myeloma
- Infection
Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis)
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Definition: Osteonecrosis is the infarction (ischemic necrosis) of trabecular bone and marrow cells.
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The cortex is usually unaffected due to collateral blood supply.
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Peak incidence: 30s to 50s.
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Symptoms: Depend on location and extent of infarct. Subchondral infarcts commonly cause pain.
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Causes of bone ischemia:
- Vascular injury (trauma, vasculitis)
- Drugs (corticosteroids)
- Systemic disease (e.g., sickle cell crisis)
- Radiation
- In ~25% of cases, the cause is unknown.
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Mechanisms causing osteonecrosis:
- Mechanical disruption of vessels
- Thrombotic occlusion
- Extravascular compression
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Commonly affected areas: Ends of long bones (femur, humerus), knees, shoulders, ankles, and jaw.
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Classic sites:
- Head of femur
- Neck of talus
- Waist of the scaphoid
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Image description: Femoral head with a subchondral, wedge-shaped pale yellow area of osteonecrosis (arrow).
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of abnormal fracture healing, including delayed union, nonunion, pseudoarthrosis, and pathological fractures. It also discusses the causes of these conditions, such as metabolic bone disease and infections. Test your understanding of these important topics in bone pathology.
